Any metal shaping process which occurs below its recrystallization temperature
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In metallurgy, cold forming or cold working is any metalworking process in which metal is shaped below its recrystallization temperature, usually at the ambient temperature. Such processes are contrasted with hot working techniques like hot rolling, forging, welding, etc.[1]: p.375 The same or similar terms are used in glassmaking for the equivalents; for example cut glass is made by "cold work", cutting or grinding a formed object.
Cold forming techniques are usually classified into four major groups: squeezing, bending, drawing, and shearing. They generally have the advantage of being simpler to carry out than hot working techniques.
Unlike hot working, cold working causes the crystal grains and inclusions to distort following the flow of the metal; which may cause work hardening and anisotropic material properties. Work hardening makes the metal harder, stiffer, and stronger, but less plastic, and may cause cracks of the piece.[1]: p.378
The possible uses of cold forming are extremely varied, including large flat sheets, complex folded shapes, metal tubes, screw heads and threads, riveted joints, and much more.
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In metallurgy, cold forming or coldworking is any metalworking process in which metal is shaped below its recrystallization temperature, usually at the...
book by Studs Terkel Working!!, a manga by Karino Takatsu "Working" (song), by Tate McRae and Khalid, 2021 Coldworking or cold forming, the shaping of...
temperature at which it is performed: cold forging (a type of coldworking), warm forging, or hot forging (a type of hot working). For the latter two, the metal...
finishing of cold rolled steel. In cold forming, metal is formed at high speed and high pressure using tool steel or carbide dies. The coldworking of the metal...
and hardness low and ductility high. This contrasts with coldworking. Many kinds of working, including rolling, forging, extrusion, and drawing, can...
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the...
ordinary woman, who is scammed by a cold caller. She then tracks down the fraudster (Higgins) and begins working for him in order to bring him to justice...
die-casting process is easier, more economical, and 40% to 50% faster than cold-chamber process required for aluminium. Forming behavior is poor at room...
Drawing is usually performed at room temperature, thus classified as a coldworking process, but it may be performed at elevated temperatures for large wires...
material's suitability for certain manufacturing operations (such as coldworking) and its capacity to absorb mechanical overload. Some metals that are...
Shot peening is a coldworking process used to produce a compressive residual stress layer and modify the mechanical properties of metals and composites...
altered using dies into which the item is forced. Swaging is usually a coldworking process, but also may be hot worked. The term swage may apply to the...
210 MPa (30,000 psi) in the annealed condition. It can be strengthened by coldworking to a strength of 1,050 MPa (153,000 psi) in the full-hard condition....
is not a heat treatable aluminum alloy, but can be hardened through coldworking. The alloy composition of 5052 is: Magnesium - 2.2%-2.8% by weight Chromium...
steels. By comparison with austenitic types, these are less hardenable by coldworking, less weldable, and should not be used at cryogenic temperatures. Some...
ends of the rivet utilizing hammers and forming dies (by either coldworking or hot working). Rivets are commonly purchased with one head already formed...
the forming process used to create a part. These may include coldworking (CDS), hot working (HR), quenching and tempering (Q&T), and other methods. Carbon...
more tensile coldworking increases the tensile yield strength, the local initial compressive yield strength after tensile coldworking is actually reduced...
shape. Cold-working processes, in which the product's shape is altered by rolling, fabrication or other processes, while the product is cold, can increase...
provides deep, stable surface compressive residual stresses with little cold work for improved damage tolerance and metal fatigue life extension. Improved...
happens. Tube flaring is a type of forging operation, and is usually a coldworking procedure. During assembly, a flare nut is used to secure the flared...
rapidly flowing seawater. They can be fabricated readily by hot- and cold-working, machining, and welding. Monel was created in 1905 by Robert Crooks Stanley...
higher at the surface in part due to surface imperfections and damage. Coldworking also serves to harden the material's surface. This makes cracks less...
is generally slow. Annealing is most often used to soften a metal for coldworking, to improve machinability, or to enhance properties like electrical conductivity...
Cold fusion is a hypothesized type of nuclear reaction that would occur at, or near, room temperature. It would contrast starkly with the "hot" fusion...
by the type of assembly or residual stresses from fabrication (e.g. coldworking); the residual stresses can be relieved by annealing or other surface...
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