Global InformationWhooping cough information
| Whooping cough | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Pertussis, 100-day cough |
 | |
| A young boy coughing due to pertussis. | |
| Specialty | Infectious disease |
| Symptoms | Runny nose, fever, cough[1] |
| Complications | Vomiting, broken ribs, exhaustion[1][2] |
| Duration | ~ 10 weeks[3] |
| Causes | Bordetella pertussis (spread through the air)[4] |
| Diagnostic method | Nasopharyngeal swab[5] |
| Prevention | Pertussis vaccine[6] |
| Treatment | Antibiotics (if started early)[7] |
| Frequency | 16.3 million (2015)[8] |
| Deaths | 58,700 (2015)[9] |
Whooping cough (/ˈhuːpɪŋ/), also known as pertussis or the 100-day cough, is a highly contagious, vaccine-preventable bacterial disease.[1][10] Initial symptoms are usually similar to those of the common cold with a runny nose, fever, and mild cough, but these are followed by two or three months of severe coughing fits.[1] Following a fit of coughing, a high-pitched whoop sound or gasp may occur as the person breathes in.[1] The violent coughing may last for 10 or more weeks, hence the phrase "100-day cough".[3] The cough may be so hard that it causes vomiting, rib fractures, and fatigue.[1][2] Children less than one year old may have little or no cough and instead have periods where they cannot breathe.[1] The incubation period is usually seven to ten days.[11] Disease may occur in those who have been vaccinated, but symptoms are typically milder.[1]
Pertussis is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis, which is spread easily through the coughs and sneezes of an infected person.[4][12] People are infectious from the start of symptoms until about three weeks into the coughing fits.[7] Diagnosis is by collecting a sample from the back of the nose and throat.[5] This sample can then be tested either by culture or by polymerase chain reaction.[5]
Prevention is mainly by vaccination with the pertussis vaccine.[6] Initial immunization is recommended between six and eight weeks of age, with four doses to be given in the first two years of life.[13] Protection from pertussis decreases over time, so additional doses of vaccine are often recommended for older children and adults.[14] Vaccination during pregnancy is highly effective at protecting the infant from pertussis during their vulnerable early months of life, and is recommended in many countries.[15] Antibiotics may be used to prevent the disease in those who have been exposed and are at risk of severe disease.[16] In those with the disease, antibiotics are useful if started within three weeks of the initial symptoms, but otherwise have little effect in most people.[7] In pregnant women and children less than one year old, antibiotics are recommended within six weeks of symptom onset.[7] Antibiotics used include erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.[7] Evidence to support interventions for the cough, other than antibiotics, is poor.[17] About 50% of infected children less than a year old require hospitalization and nearly 0.5% (1 in 200) die.[1][2]
An estimated 16.3 million people worldwide were infected in 2015.[8] Most cases occur in the developing world, and people of all ages may be affected.[6][17] In 2015, pertussis resulted in 58,700 deaths – down from 138,000 deaths in 1990.[9][18] Outbreaks of the disease were first described in the 16th century.[11] The bacterium that causes the infection was discovered in 1906.[11] The pertussis vaccine became available in the 1940s.[11]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Signs & Symptoms". Centers for Disease Control. 4 August 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
- ^ a b c "Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Complications". Centers for Disease Control. 4 August 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
- ^ a b "Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Fast Facts". cdc.gov. 13 February 2014. Archived from the original on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
- ^ a b "Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Causes & Transmission". cdc.gov. 4 September 2014. Archived from the original on 14 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
- ^ a b c "Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Specimen Collection". cdc.gov. 28 August 2013. Archived from the original on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
- ^ a b c Heininger U (February 2010). "Update on pertussis in children". Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy. 8 (2): 163–73. doi:10.1586/eri.09.124. PMID 20109046. S2CID 207217558.
- ^ a b c d e "Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Treatment". cdc.gov. 28 August 2013. Archived from the original on 11 February 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
- ^ a b Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
- ^ a b Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
- ^ "Preventing Whooping Cough (Pertussis) | CDC". Centers for Disease Control. 7 September 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
- ^ a b c d Atkinson W (May 2012). Pertussis Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (12th ed.). Public Health Foundation. pp. 215–230. ISBN 978-0-9832631-3-5. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017.
- ^ "Pertussis". World Health Organization. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
- ^ "Revised guidance on the choice of pertussis vaccines: July 2014" (PDF). Relevé Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire. 89 (30): 337–40. July 2014. PMID 25072068. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2015.
- ^ "Pertussis vaccines: WHO position paper". Relevé Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire. 85 (40): 385–400. October 2010. PMID 20939150.
- ^ Vygen-Bonnet S, Hellenbrand W, Garbe E, von Kries R, Bogdan C, Heininger U, et al. (February 2020). "Safety and effectiveness of acellular pertussis vaccination during pregnancy: a systematic review". BMC Infect Dis. 20 (1): 136. doi:10.1186/s12879-020-4824-3. PMC 7020352. PMID 32054444.
- ^ "Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Prevention". cdc.gov. 10 October 2014. Archived from the original on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
- ^ a b Wang K, Bettiol S, Thompson MJ, Roberts NW, Perera R, Heneghan CJ, et al. (September 2014). "Symptomatic treatment of the cough in whooping cough". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 9 (9): CD003257. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003257.pub5. PMC 7154224. PMID 25243777.
- ^ GBD 2013 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators (January 2015). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442.