Potential energy of water per unit volume relative to water in known conditions
Water potential is the potential energy of water per unit volume relative to pure water in reference conditions. Water potential quantifies the tendency of water to move from one area to another due to osmosis, gravity, mechanical pressure and matrix effects such as capillary action (which is caused by surface tension). The concept of water potential has proved useful in understanding and computing water movement within plants, animals, and soil. Water potential is typically expressed in potential energy per unit volume and very often is represented by the Greek letter ψ.
Water potential integrates a variety of different potential drivers of water movement, which may operate in the same or different directions. Within complex biological systems, many potential factors may be operating simultaneously. For example, the addition of solutes lowers the potential (negative vector), while an increase in pressure increases the potential (positive vector). If the flow is not restricted, water will move from an area of higher water potential to an area that is lower potential. A common example is water with dissolved salts, such as seawater or the fluid in a living cell. These solutions have negative water potential, relative to the pure water reference. With no restriction on flow, water will move from the locus of greater potential (pure water) to the locus of lesser (the solution); flow proceeds until the difference in potential is equalized or balanced by another water potential factor, such as pressure or elevation.
Waterpotential is the potential energy of water per unit volume relative to pure water in reference conditions. Waterpotential quantifies the tendency...
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also known as (electrical) potential difference, electric pressure, or electric tension is the difference in electric potential between two points. In a...
A water turbine is a rotary machine that converts kinetic energy and potential energy of water into mechanical work. Water turbines were developed in the...
In physics, potential energy is the energy held by an object because of its position relative to other objects, stresses within itself, its electric charge...
but primarily driven by waterpotential differences. If the waterpotential in the ambient air is lower than the waterpotential in the leaf airspace of...
aerofoils, water waves, electroosmotic flow, and groundwater flow. For flows (or parts thereof) with strong vorticity effects, the potential flow approximation...
membrane from a region of high waterpotential (region of lower solute concentration) to a region of low waterpotential (region of higher solute concentration)...
valleys. Then a potential well would be a valley surrounded on all sides with higher terrain, which thus could be filled with water (e.g., be a lake)...
Water retention curve is the relationship between the water content, θ, and the soil waterpotential, ψ. This curve is characteristic for different types...
basins. They have to absorb water from such a soil which has higher salt concentration and therefore lower waterpotential(higher osmotic pressure). Halophytes...
acidity on biological membranes. This potential (where pH neutral water is set to 0 V) is analogous with redox potential (where standardized hydrogen solution...
total waterpotential, Ψw, and the osmotic potential, Ψs, are known in a waterpotential equation. These equations are used to measure the total water potential...
tonicity is a measure of the effective osmotic pressure gradient; the waterpotential of two solutions separated by a partially-permeable cell membrane....
Potential evapotranspiration (PET) or potential evaporation (PE) is the amount of water that would be evaporated and transpired by a specific crop, soil...
increase in volume. Water surface potential movement takes place along a concentration gradient; some dry materials absorb water. A gradient between the...
the solid phase (ice) has a higher chemical potential than a water molecule that is in the liquid phase (water) above 0 °C. When some of the ice melts, H2O...
Zeta potential is the electrical potential at the slipping plane. This plane is the interface which separates mobile fluid from fluid that remains attached...
waterpotential is low than the soil water. If stated, waterpotential is comparatively positive in the soil water. This gradient of waterpotential causes...
later called the shallow waterpotential vorticity. For an atmosphere with multiple layers, with each layer having constant potential temperature, the above...
Scholander bomb is an instrument that can measure the approximate waterpotential of plant tissues. A leaf and petiole or stem segment is placed inside...
estimate volumetric water content. Another class of sensors measure another property of moisture in soils called waterpotential; these sensors are usually...
electrostatics. Electrochemical potential is expressed in the unit of J/mol. Each chemical species (for example, "water molecules", "sodium ions", "electrons"...
solute concentration (high waterpotential), through a membrane, to an area of high solute concentration (low waterpotential). The driving force for the...
movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high waterpotential to an area of low waterpotential. A cell with...
of root hairs maximizes surface area so that more water can enter. There is greater waterpotential in the soil than in the cytoplasm of the root hair...
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