Vishnuvardhana information

Vishnuvardhana
Vishnuvardhana
	Vishnuvardhana
Hoysala King
Reign	c. 1108 – c. 1152 CE
Predecessor	Veera Ballala I
Successor	Narasimha I
Born	Bitti Deva
Spouse	Shantaladevi, Lakshmidevi
Dynasty	Hoysala
Religion	Vaishnavite Hinduism (converted from Jainism)

Vishnuvardhana (r. 1108–1152 CE) was a king of the Hoysala Empire in what is today the modern state of Karnataka, India. He ascended the Hoysala throne after the death of his elder brother Veera Ballala I in c.1108. Originally a follower of Jainism and known as Bitti Deva, he came under the influence of the Hindu philosopher Ramanuja, converted to Hindu Vaishnavism and took the name "Vishnuvardhana".^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] His queen Shanthala however remained a Jain.^[5] This was the transition period from Jainism to Hinduism Vishnuvardhana took the first steps in creating an independent Hoysala Empire in South India through a series of battles against his overlord, the Western Chalukya King Vikramaditya VI, and the Chola Empire to the south. He recovered parts of Gangavadi province (modern southern Karnataka) from the hegemony of the Cholas in the battle of Talakad,^[6] and parts of Nolambavdi.^[7] According to historian Coelho, the Hoysalas gained the dignity of a kingdom due to the efforts of Vishnuvardhana, whose rule was packed with "glorious" military campaigns.^[8]^[9] According to historians Sen, Chopra et al., and Sastri, Vishnuvardhana was a "great soldier" and an "ambitious monarch".^[10]^[11]^[12]

Hoysala literature in the Kannada language began to proliferate under the patronage of Vishnuvardhana. The mathematician Rajaditya wrote Vyavaharaganita and Lilavati on mathematics. According to the historian E.P. Rice, the epic poet Nagachandra was under Vishnuvardhana's patronage when he wrote the earliest extant Ramayana (a Jain version) in the Kannada language called Ramachandra charita purana, and an epic on the nineteenth Jain Tirthankar titled Mallinathapurana.^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]

^ ^a ^b Govindāchārya 1906, p. 180.
^ ^a ^b Stein 1989, p. 16.
^ ^a ^b Menon 2013, p. 127.
^ ^a ^b Smith 1920, p. 203.
^ Nandakumar, Prathibha (26 March 2018). "'Religion must be burnt every 1,000 yrs'". Bangalore Mirror. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
^ Sen 1999, pp. 386–387, 485.
^ Sen 2013, pp. 58–60.
^ Kamath 1980, p. 124.
^ Coelho in Kamath (1980), p.124
^ Cite error: The named reference santara was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Kanchi was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Sen (1996), p.386
^ T. K. Venkataraman (1968), p.163, Indian culture, University of Madras, Amudha Nilayam, OCLC 599885676
^ Karnataka through the ages: from prehistoric times to the day of the independence of India, Literary and Cultural Development Dept, Government of Mysore, 1968, p.466
^ Kamath (1980), p.133
^ E.P. Rice in Sisir Kumar Das (2005), p.144, A History of Indian Literature, 500-1399: From Courtly to the Popular, Sahitya Akademi, ISBN 81-260-2171-3

[FOOTNOTEGovindāchārya1906180-1] Govindāchārya 1906, p. 180.

[FOOTNOTEStein198916-2] Stein 1989, p. 16.

[FOOTNOTEMenon2013127-3] Menon 2013, p. 127.

[FOOTNOTESmith1920203-4] Smith 1920, p. 203.

[5] Nandakumar, Prathibha (26 March 2018). "'Religion must be burnt every 1,000 yrs'". Bangalore Mirror. Retrieved 6 May 2022.

[FOOTNOTESen1999386–387,_485-6] Sen 1999, pp. 386–387, 485.

[FOOTNOTESen201358–60-7] Sen 2013, pp. 58–60.

[FOOTNOTEKamath1980124-8] Kamath 1980, p. 124.

[dignity-9] Coelho in Kamath (1980), p.124

[santara-10] Cite error: The named reference santara was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Kanchi-11] Cite error: The named reference Kanchi was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[ambition-12] Sen (1996), p.386

[13] T. K. Venkataraman (1968), p.163, Indian culture, University of Madras, Amudha Nilayam, OCLC 599885676

[14] Karnataka through the ages: from prehistoric times to the day of the independence of India, Literary and Cultural Development Dept, Government of Mysore, 1968, p.466

[math-15] Kamath (1980), p.133

[malli-16] E.P. Rice in Sisir Kumar Das (2005), p.144, A History of Indian Literature, 500-1399: From Courtly to the Popular, Sahitya Akademi, ISBN 81-260-2171-3

Vishnuvardhana information

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