Visceral larva migrans (VLM) is a condition in humans caused by the migratory larvae of certain nematodes, humans being a dead-end host, and was first reported in 1952.[1] Nematodes causing such zoonotic infections are Baylisascaris procyonis,[2]Toxocara canis,[3]Toxocara cati,[3] and Ascaris suum.[4] These nematodes can infect but not mature in humans and after migrating through the intestinal wall, travel with the blood stream to various organs where they cause inflammation and damage. Affected organs can include the liver, heart (causing myocarditis) and the CNS (causing dysfunction, seizures, and coma). A special variant is ocular larva migrans where usually T. canis larvae travel to the eye.
Only a few roundworm eggs are necessary to cause larva migrans in the human child or adult. However, visceral larva migrans seems to affect children aged 1–4 more often while ocular larva migrans more frequently affects children aged 7–8. Between 4.6% and 23% of U.S. children have been infected with the dog roundworm egg. This number is much higher in other parts of the world, such as Colombia, where up to 81% of children have been infected.[5]
Cutaneous larva migrans is a condition where nematodes such as Ancylostoma braziliense migrate to the skin.
^Beaver, P. C.; Snyder, C. H.; Carrera, G. M.; Dent, J. H.; Lafferty, J. W. (1952). "Chronic eosinophilia due to visceral larva migrans; report of three cases". Pediatrics. 9 (1): 7–19. doi:10.1542/peds.9.1.7. PMID 14911260. S2CID 245071279.
^Gavin, P. J.; Kazacos, K. R.; Shulman, S. T. (2005). "Baylisascariasis". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 18 (4): 703–18. doi:10.1128/CMR.18.4.703-718.2005. PMC 1265913. PMID 16223954.
^ ab
Beaver, PC (1959). "Visceral and cutaneous larva migrans". Public Health Reports. 74 (4): 328–32. doi:10.2307/4590442. JSTOR 4590442. PMC 1929226. PMID 13645880.
^Sakai, S.; Shida, Y.; Takahashi, N.; Yabuuchi, H.; Soeda, H.; Okafuji, T.; Hatakenaka, M.; Honda, H. (2006). "Pulmonary Lesions Associated with Visceral Larva Migrans Due to Ascaris suum or Toxocara canis: Imaging of Six Cases". American Journal of Roentgenology. 186 (6): 1697–1702. doi:10.2214/AJR.04.1507. PMID 16714661.
^Artem Cheprasov. 2012. Death at the Playground. Guru Magazine. 11. pp. 59-61.
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Viscerallarvamigrans (VLM) is a condition in humans caused by the migratory larvae of certain nematodes, humans being a dead-end host, and was first...
Cutaneous larvamigrans (abbreviated CLM) is a skin disease in humans, caused by the larvae of various nematode parasites of the hookworm family (Ancylostomatidae)...
include: Cutaneous LarvaMigrans (CLM), a skin disease in humans, caused by the larvae of various nematode parasites VisceralLarvaMigrans (VLM), a condition...
wheezing, abdominal pain, headaches, and/or hepatosplenomegaly. Viscerallarvamigrans (VLM) is a more severe form of the disease; signs and symptoms depend...
migrating T. canis larvae results in two syndromes: viscerallarvamigrans and ocular larvamigrans. Owing to transmission of the infection from the mother...
reappear in a different location. Migration to other tissues causes viscerallarvamigrans and can result in cough, hematuria, ocular involvement, meningitis...
and felids and which cause toxocariasis in humans (viscerallarvamigrans and ocular larvamigrans). The worms are unable to reproduce in humans. Notable...
(dog roundworm) larvae invade the eye. They may be associated with viscerallarvamigrans. Unilateral visual disturbances, strabismus, and eye pain are the...
year. After a filariform "infective" larva penetrates the intact skin – most commonly through the feet – the larva enters the blood circulation. It is...
scurvy tuberculosis sleep deprivation pheochromocytoma squeamishness viscerallarvamigrans Orthostatic hypotension methyldopa loss of appetite Space adaptation...
vasculitis. Infectious pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, viscerallarvamigrans (Toxocara canis & Toxocara cati) can also cause retinal vasculitis...
the gut and encyst in a protective coat, usually on the outside of the visceral organs, but occasionally in the muscle or beneath the skin. The life cycle...
and remain trapped in the skin, causing skin irritation and cutaneous larvamigrans. Other symptoms include excessive coughing and dyspnea (short of breath)...
worm). Baylisascaris larvae in paratenic hosts can migrate, causing larvamigrans. Baylisascariasis as the zoonotic infection of humans is rare, though...
unique effect of autoinfective larvae is larva currens due to the rapid migration of the larvae through the skin. Larva currens appears as a red line that moves...
embryo develops into an infective larva after 2 to 4 weeks, named "second-stage larva". Once ingested by a host, this larva has the ability to get out of...
PMID 18321548. Arthur RP, Shelley WB (August 1958). "Larva currens; a distinctive variant of cutaneous larvamigrans due to Strongyloides stercoralis". AMA Archives...
and raccoons, but can unsuccessfully parasitize humans and cause viscerallarvamigrans. The Ascaridiidae include roundworms of birds. These all belong...
parasite has been found in humans in a few instances and is a cause of viscerallarvamigrans in children, though less frequently implicated than is Toxocara...
contaminated with embryonated eggs. In the duodenum, a single rhabditiform larva hatches from each of the ingested eggs. The larvae then penetrate the mucosa...
with spine. A conspicuous oral sucker is at the apex. As a non-feeding larva, there are no elaborate digestive organs, only oesophagus is distinct. There...
the circulation and on to the intestine; instead, the disease dermal larvamigrans results, caused by movement of the nematode within the skin and which...
(mostly in the Americas) can produce a skin disease called cutaneous larvamigrans also known as creeping eruption. The hosts of these worms are not human...
In the rare cases that T. vulpis infects humans, it can cause viscerallarvamigrans (VLM) which presents as eosinophilia, hepatomegaly, and pulmonary...
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