Tracheophytes Sinnott, 1935[3] ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998[4]
Divisions † Extinct
Non-seed-bearing plants
†Cooksonia
†Rhyniophyta
†Zosterophyllophyta
Lycopodiophyta
†Trimerophytophyta
Polypodiophyta
†Progymnospermophyta
Superdivision Spermatophyta
†Pteridospermatophyta
Pinophyta
Cycadophyta
Ginkgophyta
Gnetophyta
Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
†Bennettitales
Vascular plants (from Latin vasculum 'duct'), also called tracheophytes (/trəˈkiː.əˌfaɪts/) or collectively tracheophyta (/trəˈkiː.əfaɪtə/;[5][6] from Ancient Greek τραχεῖα ἀρτηρία (trakheîa artēría) 'windpipe', and φυτά (phutá) 'plants'),[6] form a large group of land plants (c. 300,000 accepted known species)[7] that have lignified tissues (the xylem) for conducting water and minerals throughout the plant. They also have a specialized non-lignified tissue (the phloem) to conduct products of photosynthesis. Vascular plants include the clubmosses, horsetails, ferns, gymnosperms (including conifers), and angiosperms (flowering plants). Scientific names for the group include Tracheophyta,[8][4]: 251 Tracheobionta[9] and Equisetopsida sensu lato. Some early land plants (the rhyniophytes) had less developed vascular tissue; the term eutracheophyte has been used for all other vascular plants, including all living ones.
Historically, vascular plants were known as "higher plants", as it was believed that they were further evolved than other plants due to being more complex organisms. However, this is an antiquated remnant of the obsolete scala naturae, and the term is generally considered to be unscientific.[10]
^D. Edwards; Feehan, J. (1980). "Records of Cooksonia-type sporangia from late Wenlock strata in Ireland". Nature. 287 (5777): 41–42. Bibcode:1980Natur.287...41E. doi:10.1038/287041a0. S2CID 7958927.
^Laura Wegener Parfrey; Daniel J G Lahr; Andrew H Knoll; Laura A Katz (16 August 2011). "Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (33): 13624–9. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10813624P. doi:10.1073/PNAS.1110633108. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3158185. PMID 21810989. Wikidata Q24614721.
^Sinnott, E. W. 1935. Botany. Principles and Problems, 3d edition. McGraw-Hill, New York.
^ abCavalier-Smith, Thomas (1998), "A revised six-kingdom system of life" (PDF), Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 73 (3): 203–266, doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x, PMID 9809012, S2CID 6557779, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-03-29
^ ab"Tracheophyta – an overview". ScienceDirect Topics. Retrieved 2022-03-22.
^Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.
^Abercrombie, Michael; Hickman, C. J.; Johnson, M. L. (1966). A Dictionary of Biology. Penguin Books.
^"ITIS Standard Report Page: Tracheobionta". Retrieved September 20, 2013.
Vascularplants (from Latin vasculum 'duct'), also called tracheophytes (/trəˈkiː.əˌfaɪts/) or collectively tracheophyta (/trəˈkiː.əfaɪtə/; from Ancient...
Vascular tissue is a complex conducting tissue, formed of more than one cell type, found in vascularplants. The primary components of vascular tissue...
A pteridophyte is a vascularplant (with xylem and phloem) that reproduces by means of spores. Because pteridophytes produce neither flowers nor seeds...
non-vascular land plants, namely the mosses (Bryophyta), hornworts (Anthocerotophyta), and liverworts (Marchantiophyta), are relatively small plants, often...
species of land plants of which some 391,000 species are vascularplants (including approximately 369,000 species of flowering plants), and approximately...
A stem is one of two main structural axes of a vascularplant, the other being the root. It supports leaves, flowers and fruits, transports water and dissolved...
Herbaceous plants are vascularplants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly...
The vascular cambium is the main growth tissue in the stems and roots of many plants, specifically in dicots such as buttercups and oak trees, gymnosperms...
(/ˈbraɪˌoʊfaɪts/) are a group of land plants, sometimes treated as a taxonomic division, that contains three groups of non-vascular land plants (embryophytes): the liverworts...
of the plant's life. Most woody plants native to colder climates have distinct growth rings produced by each year's production of new vascular tissue...
A vascular bundle is a part of the transport system in vascularplants. The transport itself happens in the stem, which exists in two forms: xylem and...
necessary complexity to evolve. Trilete spores similar to those of vascularplants appear soon afterwards, in Upper Ordovician rocks about 455 million...
The ferns (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta) are a group of vascularplants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither...
In vascularplants, the roots are the organs of a plant that are modified to provide anchorage for the plant and take in water and nutrients into the...
anatomy and phylogeny of different vascularplant groups, applied the theory to plants using the form and structure of plants to establish a number of evolutionary...
Australia comprises a vast assemblage of plant species estimated to over 21,000 vascular and 14,000 non-vascularplants, 250,000 species of fungi and over 3...
(AM fungi, or AMF) penetrates the cortical cells of the roots of a vascularplant forming arbuscules. Arbuscular mycorrhiza is a type of endomycorrhiza...
stays the same. Most plants are multicellular. Plant cells differentiate into multiple cell types, forming tissues such as the vascular tissue with specialized...
are terrestrial vascularplants; like the gymnosperms, they have roots, stems, leaves, and seeds. They differ from other seed plants in several ways....
Mosses are small, non-vascular flowerless plants in the taxonomic division Bryophyta (/braɪˈɒfətə/, /ˌbraɪ.əˈfaɪtə/) sensu stricto. Bryophyta (sensu lato...
Holger (November 2023). "The contribution of plant life and growth forms to global gradients of vascularplant diversity". New Phytologist. 240 (4): 1548–1560...
Devonian vascularplants. Rhynia gwynne-vaughanii was the sporophyte generation of a vascular, axial, free-sporing diplohaplontic embryophytic land plant of...
been predictable on the basis of examination of the separate parts." A vascularplant begins from a single celled zygote, formed by fertilisation of an egg...
Xylem is one of the two types of transport tissue in vascularplants, the other being phloem. The basic function of the xylem is to transport water from...
Phloem (/ˈfloʊ.əm/, FLOH-əm) is the living tissue in vascularplants that transports the soluble organic compounds made during photosynthesis and known...
independent of the presence of vascular tissue, all living polysporangiophytes also have vascular tissue, i.e., are vascularplants or tracheophytes. Extinct...
moellendorffii, remnant of an ancient lineage of vascularplants that is key to understanding the evolution of land plants. It has a small genome size (~110Mb) and...
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