Vanadium information

Vanadium, ₂₃V
Vanadium
Pronunciation	/vəˈneɪdiəm/ (və-NAY-dee-əm)
Appearance	blue-silver-grey metal
Standard atomic weight Ar°(V)
	50.9415±0.0001; 50.942±0.001 (abridged);
Vanadium in the periodic table
	titanium ← vanadium → chromium
Atomic number (Z)	23
Group	group 5
Period	period 4
Block	d-block
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d3 4s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 11, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	2183 K (1910 °C, 3470 °F)
Boiling point	3680 K (3407 °C, 6165 °F)
Density (at 20° C)	6.099 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	5.5 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	21.5 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	444 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	24.89 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (an amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.63
Ionization energies	1st: 650.9 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 1414 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 2830 kJ/mol ; (more) ;
Atomic radius	empirical: 134 pm
Covalent radius	153±8 pm
	Spectral lines of vanadium
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	body-centered cubic (bcc) (cI2)
Lattice constant	a = 302.72 pm (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	8.77×10−6/K (at 20 °C)
Thermal conductivity	30.7 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	197 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility	+255.0×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)
Young's modulus	128 GPa
Shear modulus	47 GPa
Bulk modulus	160 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod	4560 m/s (at 20 °C)
Poisson ratio	0.37
Mohs hardness	6.7
Vickers hardness	628–640 MPa
Brinell hardness	600–742 MPa
CAS Number	7440-62-2
History
Discovery	Andrés Manuel del Río (1801)
First isolation	Henry Enfield Roscoe (1867)
Named by	Nils Gabriel Sefström (1830)
Isotopes of vanadium v; e;
	Category: Vanadium; view; talk; edit; \| references

Vanadium is a chemical element; it has symbol V and atomic number 23. It is a hard, silvery-grey, malleable transition metal. The elemental metal is rarely found in nature, but once isolated artificially, the formation of an oxide layer (passivation) somewhat stabilizes the free metal against further oxidation.

Spanish-Mexican scientist Andrés Manuel del Río discovered compounds of vanadium in 1801 by analyzing a new lead-bearing mineral he called "brown lead". Though he initially presumed its qualities were due to the presence of a new element, he was later erroneously convinced by French chemist Hippolyte Victor Collet-Descotils that the element was just chromium. Then in 1830, Nils Gabriel Sefström generated chlorides of vanadium, thus proving there was a new element, and named it "vanadium" after the Scandinavian goddess of beauty and fertility, Vanadís (Freyja). The name was based on the wide range of colors found in vanadium compounds. Del Rio's lead mineral was ultimately named vanadinite for its vanadium content. In 1867, Henry Enfield Roscoe obtained the pure element.

Vanadium occurs naturally in about 65 minerals and fossil fuel deposits. It is produced in China and Russia from steel smelter slag. Other countries produce it either from magnetite directly, flue dust of heavy oil, or as a byproduct of uranium mining. It is mainly used to produce specialty steel alloys such as high-speed tool steels, and some aluminium alloys. The most important industrial vanadium compound, vanadium pentoxide, is used as a catalyst for the production of sulfuric acid. The vanadium redox battery for energy storage may be an important application in the future.

Large amounts of vanadium ions are found in a few organisms, possibly as a toxin. The oxide and some other salts of vanadium have moderate toxicity. Particularly in the ocean, vanadium is used by some life forms as an active center of enzymes, such as the vanadium bromoperoxidase of some ocean algae.

^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Vanadium". CIAAW. 1977.
^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^ ^a ^b ^c Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
^ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
^ "Vanadium". Royal Society of Chemistry. Royal Society of Chemistry. Retrieved 5 December 2022.

[1] "Standard Atomic Weights: Vanadium". CIAAW. 1977.

[CIAAW2021-2] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[Arblaster_2018-3] Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.

[4] Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

[5] "Vanadium". Royal Society of Chemistry. Royal Society of Chemistry. Retrieved 5 December 2022.

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