Gauge boson self-energy due to interactions with virtual particles
In quantum field theory, and specifically quantum electrodynamics, vacuum polarization describes a process in which a background electromagnetic field produces virtual electron–positron pairs that change the distribution of charges and currents that generated the original electromagnetic field. It is also sometimes referred to as the self-energy of the gauge boson (photon).
After developments in radar equipment for World War II resulted in higher accuracy for measuring the energy levels of the hydrogen atom, Isidor Rabi made measurements of the Lamb shift and the anomalous magnetic dipole moment of the electron. These effects corresponded to the deviation from the value −2 for the spectroscopic electron g-factor that are predicted by the Dirac equation. Later, Hans Bethe[1] theoretically calculated those shifts in the hydrogen energy levels due to vacuum polarization on his return train ride from the Shelter Island Conference to Cornell.
The effects of vacuum polarization have been routinely observed experimentally since then as very well-understood background effects. Vacuum polarization, referred to below as the one loop contribution, occurs with leptons (electron–positron pairs) or quarks. The former (leptons) was first observed in 1940s but also more recently observed in 1997 using the TRISTAN particle accelerator in Japan,[2] the latter (quarks) was observed along with multiple quark–gluon loop contributions from the early 1970s to mid-1990s using the VEPP-2M particle accelerator at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics in Siberia, Russia and many other accelerator laboratories worldwide.[3]
^Bethe 1947
^Levine 1997
^Brown & Worstell 1996, pp. 3237–3249
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electric polarization term in the vacuum, resulting in a field-dependent electrical permittivity ε deviating from the nominal value ε0 of vacuum permittivity...
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the following simpler ones: ch 10 One-loop contribution to the vacuumpolarization function Π {\displaystyle \Pi } One-loop contribution to the electron...
virtual electron–positron pair, which then annihilates. This is a vacuumpolarization diagram. (b) An electron quickly emits and reabsorbs a virtual photon...
the Casimir effect between two atoms. Vacuumpolarization, which involves pair production or the decay of the vacuum, which is the spontaneous production...
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to vacuumpolarization. This prediction was experimentally verified in 1997 using the TRISTAN particle accelerator in Japan. QED effects like vacuum polarization...
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additional particles and "holes" in the sea. Fermi sea Positronium Vacuumpolarization Virtual particle This was not the original intent of Dirac though...
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treatments allow for the small effects of special relativity and vacuumpolarization. In the quantum mechanical treatment, the electron in a ground state...
and an anti-color magnetic moment. The net effect of polarization of virtual gluons in the vacuum is not to screen the field but to augment it and change...
S2CID 119726654. Visser, Matt (1996). "Gravitational vacuumpolarization. II. Energy conditions in the Boulware vacuum". Physical Review D. 54 (8): 5116–5122. arXiv:gr-qc/9604008...
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electron experiences a repulsion. This causes what is called vacuumpolarization. In effect, the vacuum behaves like a medium having a dielectric permittivity...
physicist known for the formulation of the Uehling potential to describe vacuumpolarization in quantum electrodynamics. He also worked in condensed matter physics...
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