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The Dirac sea is a theoretical model of the electron vacuum as an infinite sea of electrons with negative energy, now called positrons. It was first postulated by the British physicist Paul Dirac in 1930[1] to explain the anomalous negative-energy quantum states predicted by the Dirac equation for relativistic electrons (electrons traveling near the speed of light).[2] The positron, the antimatter counterpart of the electron, was originally conceived of as a hole in the Dirac sea, before its experimental discovery in 1932.[nb 1]
In hole theory, the solutions with negative time evolution factors[clarification needed] are reinterpreted as representing the positron, discovered by Carl Anderson. The interpretation of this result requires a Dirac sea, showing that the Dirac equation is not merely a combination of special relativity and quantum mechanics, but it also implies that the number of particles cannot be conserved.[3]
Dirac sea theory has been displaced by quantum field theory, though they are mathematically compatible.
^Dirac 1930
^Greiner 2000
^Alvarez-Gaume & Vazquez-Mozo 2005
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The Diracsea is a theoretical model of the electron vacuum as an infinite sea of electrons with negative energy, now called positrons. It was first postulated...
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analogous limit to be Z ≈ 168–172 where the 1s subshell dives into the Diracsea, and that it is instead not neutral atoms that cannot exist beyond this...
the fact that the Dirac equation in Minkowski space has solutions of negative energy which are usually associated to the Diracsea. Taking the concept...
relativistic equation, Dirac developed in 1930 a model of the vacuum as an infinite sea of particles with negative energy, later dubbed the Diracsea. This led him...
in 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a model of the vacuum as an infinite sea of particles possessing negative energy, called the Diracsea. This theory helped...
electron hole; a fairly general theoretical description is provided by the Diracsea, which treats positrons (or anti-particles in general) as holes. Holes...
theories Aether (classical element) Aether drag hypothesis Astral light Diracsea Etheric plane Galactic year History of special relativity Le Sage's theory...
its limitations (see e.g. Lamb shift) and conceptual problems (see e.g. Diracsea). Relativity makes it inevitable that the number of particles in a system...
originally formulated in a non-relativistic background, a few of them (e.g. the Dirac or path-integral formalism) also work with special relativity. Key features...
explanation needed] to create positron–electron pairs out of the vacuum or Diracsea, with the electron attracted to the nucleus to annihilate the positive...
was inappositely thought that the Dirac equation described a relativistic wavefunction (hence the obsolete "Diracsea" interpretation), rather than a classical...
"Science Adventure" series. World lines and other physical concepts like the DiracSea are also used throughout the series. Neal Stephenson's novel Anathem involves...
were comfortable with the "Diracsea" of negative energy states). The natural problem became clear: to generalize the Dirac equation to particles with...
number violation can alternatively be visualized in terms of a kind of Diracsea: in the course of the winding, a baryon originally considered to be part...