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Universal Dependencies, frequently abbreviated as UD, is an international cooperative project to create treebanks of the world's languages.[1] These treebanks are openly accessible and available. Core applications are automated text processing in the field of natural language processing (NLP) and research into natural language syntax and grammar, especially within linguistic typology. The project's primary aim is to achieve cross-linguistic consistency of annotation, while still permitting language-specific extensions when necessary. The annotation scheme has it roots in three related projects: Stanford Dependencies,[2]
Google universal part-of-speech tags,[3] and the Interset interlingua[4] for morphosyntactic tagsets.
The UD annotation scheme uses a representation in the form of dependency trees as opposed to a phrase structure trees. At the present time (January 2022), there are just over 200 treebanks of more than 100 languages available in the UD inventory.
^de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine; Manning, Christopher D.; Nivre, Joakim; Zeman, Daniel (13 July 2021). "Universal Dependencies". Computational Linguistics. 47 (2): 255–308. doi:10.1162/coli_a_00402. S2CID 219304854.
^"Stanford Dependencies". nlp.stanford.edu. The Stanford Natural Language Processing Group. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
UniversalDependencies, frequently abbreviated as UD, is an international cooperative project to create treebanks of the world's languages. These treebanks...
"universal" coincidence), etc.). Subsequently, this was complemented with cross-lingual specifications for dependency syntax (Stanford Dependencies),...
head-dependent relationships. Hybrid dependency/phrase structure grammar uses dependencies between words, but also includes dependencies between phrasal nodes – see...
treebanks corpora. For instance, The universal annotation approach for dependency treebanks; and the universal annotation approach for phrase structure...
benefit of dependency injection is decreased coupling between classes and their dependencies. By removing a client's knowledge of how its dependencies are implemented...
nicknamed UD and Captain UD Ud (cuneiform), a sign in cuneiform writing UniversalDependencies, a project in analyzing syntax Unanimous decision, in combat sports...
exist, the following illustrates an annotation with as used in the UniversalDependencies project. For clarity, the tab-separated values normally used have...
Universal suffrage or universal franchise ensures the right to vote for as many people bound by a government's laws as possible, as supported by the "one...
join dependency is to say that the relationships in the join dependency are independent of each other. Unlike in the case of functional dependencies, there...
its dependencies to Britain in 1814 was general in nature, that it was beyond those called out in the Treaty of Paris, and that all the dependencies of...
present even into adulthood. Even as adults, people have certain universaldependency needs that remain constant throughout the lifespan that they are...
allowed for dependencies to join the UPU, listing these members separately as "Colonies, Protectorates, etc.", the Constitution of the Universal Postal Union...
user confusion Managing dependencies to ensure a package is installed with all packages it requires, thus avoiding "dependency hell" Computer systems that...
Government-guaranteed health care for all citizens of a country, sometimes called universal health care, is a broad concept that has been implemented in several ways...
the Island of Ceylon with its Dependencies from 1802 to 1833, then the Island of Ceylon and its Territories and Dependencies from 1833 to 1931 and finally...
Messenger, Hangouts, and Allo), and noting limitations: such as its dependencies on phone numbers as the identity (whereas email-based accounts are telco-agnostic)...
The Crown Colony of Jamaica and Dependencies was a British colony from 1655, when it was captured by the English Protectorate from the Spanish Empire....
since broadened her scope to focus on the legal implications of universaldependency, vulnerability and justice. Her recent work formulates a theory of...
The Universal Postal Union (UPU, French: Union postale universelle) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that coordinates postal policies...
Universal Health Services, Inc. (UHS) is an American Fortune 500 company that provides hospital and healthcare services, based in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania...
Welfare dependency is the state in which a person or household is reliant on government welfare benefits for their income for a prolonged period of time...
islands Previously known officially as the "Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies" (Territoire de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et dépendances), then simply as...
dictionaries. Inspired by the success of the UniversalDependencies for cross-linguistic annotation of syntactic dependencies, similar efforts have emerged for morphology...
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