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United Russia Единая Россия | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Chairman | Dmitry Medvedev[1] |
| Secretary-General | Andrey Turchak |
| Parliamentary Leader | Vladimir Vasilyev |
| Founders |
|
| Founded | 1 December 2001 |
| Merger of |
|
| Headquarters | 39th Building, Kutuzovsky Prospekt, Moscow, Russia. 121170[2] |
| Youth wing | Young Guard of United Russia[3] |
| Membership (2013) | 2,073,772[4][needs update] |
| Ideology |
|
| Political position | Big tent |
| National affiliation | All-Russia People's Front |
| Colours | White, Blue, Red (Russian national colors) |
| Seats in the Federation Council[12] | 136 / 178 |
| Seats in the State Duma | 325 / 450 |
| Governors | 73 / 89 |
| Seats in the Regional Parliaments | 2,682 / 3,980 |
| Ministers | 20 / 31 |
| Website | |
| er | |
^ A: United Russia does not have a coherent ideology but has been described by various sources as centrist,[8][13] centre-right,[14][15] or right-wing.[16][17] While United Russia is not considered a far-right party, there is controversy over its support for far-right parties in Western Europe.[18][19][20] | |
| This article is part of a series on |
| Conservatism in Russia |
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The All-Russian Political Party "United Russia" (Russian: Всероссийская политическая партия «Единая Россия», romanized: Vserossiyskaya politicheskaya partiya "Yedinaya Rossiya", pronounced [(j)ɪˈdʲinəjə rɐˈsʲijə]) is the ruling political party of Russia. As the largest party in the Russian Federation,[21] it holds 325 (or 72.22%) of the 450 seats in the State Duma as of 2022[update], having constituted the majority in the chamber since 2007.
The party was formed on 1 December 2001 through a merger of Unity, Fatherland – All Russia, and the Our Home – Russia.[22] Following the 2003 and 2011 election results,[23] United Russia held a parliamentary majority in the State Duma and a constitutional majority in 2007, 2016, and 2021. In the Duma elections of 2011, for the first time, the United Russia electoral list was formed based on the results of the preliminary (primary) elections held jointly with the All-Russia People's Front.[24] According to the decisions of the XII Congress of United Russia, adopted on 24 September 2011, in the Duma elections, the party's pre-election list was headed by the President of the Russian Federation at the time, Dmitry Medvedev,[25][26] and in the 2012 elections, Vladimir Putin became the presidential candidate.[27] The structure of the party is made up of regional, local, and primary branches. Regional branches of United Russia have been created in all subjects of the Russian Federation. In Russia, there are 82,631 primary and 2,595 local branches of the party.[28]
United Russia supports the policies of the incumbent President of Russia, Vladimir Putin, who served as party leader during the presidency of Dmitry Medvedev; despite not currently being the official leader or a member of the party, Putin operates as its de facto leader.[29] United Russia's votes peaked in the 2007 Russian legislative election with 64.3% of the vote, while in recent years, it has seen its popularity decline.[30] The party's ideology is inconsistent and embraces specific officials[31] that support Putin.[32] Although in 2009 it proclaimed Russian conservatism as its official ideology,[5][33] it appeals mainly to pro-Putin and non-ideological voters[34][35] and is often classified by political scientists as a "big-tent party"[36][37][38][39] or as a "party of power" rather than an organization that is primarily based upon a political ideology.[40][41][42][43][44][45]
- ^ "Не вошедший в первую пятерку Медведев останется председателем ЕР". interfax.ru. 19 June 2021.
- ^ "Единая Россия официальный сайт Партии / Пресс-служба / Контакты". er.ru. Archived from the original on 17 September 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
- ^ "Rechtspopulisten - AfD-Jugend und Putin-Jugend verbünden sich" [Right-wing populists - AfD youth and Putin youth join forces]. Spiegel Online (in German). 23 April 2016. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
- ^ Информация о численности членов Всероссийской политической партии "Единая Россия" в каждом из ее региональных отделений (по состоянию на 1 января 2011 года) [Information on the number of members of the political party "United Russia" in each of its regional offices (as at 1 January 2011)] (in Russian). minjust.ru. 1 February 2011. Archived from the original (DOC) on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
- ^ a b Mezhuev, Boris V. (2013). Democracy in Russia: Problems of Legitimacy. Routledge. p. 115.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Cite error: The named reference
White-2011was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "В Кремле рассказали о правом сдвиге "Единой России"" [The Kremlin talks about the right shift of "United Russia"] (in Russian). RBK Group. Retrieved 25 December 2017.
- ^ a b Nordsieck, Wolfram (2016). "Russia". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
- ^ Sakwa, Richard (2013). Power and Policy in Putin's Russia. Routledge. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-317-98994-3. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
- ^ de Vogel, Sasha (25 October 2012). "New Russian "Patriots"". The Institute of Modern Russia. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
- ^ Laruelle, Marlène (2009). "Nationalism as Conservative Centrism: United Russia". In the Name of the Nation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 119–152. doi:10.1057/9780230101234_5. ISBN 978-1-349-38117-3.
- ^ "Единая Россия официальный сайт Партии / Кто есть кто / Члены Совета Федерации РФ - члены партии "Единая Россия"". er.ru. Archived from the original on 14 June 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
- ^ White, Stephen (2012). Graeme Gill; James Young (eds.). Public opinion and voting behaviour. Routledge. p. 359.,
- ^ "Russian deputy isolated after opposing Crimea annexation". Reuters. 25 March 2014.
- ^ Coalson, Robert (5 September 2007). "Russia: Kremlin Labors To Get "A Just Russia" Into The Next Duma". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
- ^ Gönen, Selim (17 January 2020). "Uncertainty looms as Putin carves the future of troubled Russia". Daily Sabah.
Meanwhile, the State Duma, the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia, is currently dominated by members of the current ruling right-wing political party United Russia.
- ^ Paulo Vicente Alves (2014). Emerging Markets Report (1st ed.). AVEC Editora. ISBN 9788567901053. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
Here are the two main parties, the 'Right-Wing' United Russia and the 'Statist' CPRF (Communist Party). United Russia was created in 2001 from the union of the Unity and Fatherland parties. Their 'Right-Wing' position in the frontier of 'Leftist' groups shows how hard it is to define United Russia but it is definitely trying to move Russia toward capitalism with stability.
- ^ Mitchell A. Orenstein, ed. (2019). The Lands in Between: Russia vs. the West and the New Politics of Hybrid War. Oxford University Press. p. 141.
- ^ F. Stephen Larrabee; Stephanie Pezard; Andrew Radin; Nathan Chandler; Keith Crane; Thomas S. Szayna, eds. (2014). Russia and the West After the Ukrainian Crisis: European Vulnerabilities to Russian Pressures. Rand Corporation. p. 55. ISBN 9780833094094.
- ^ Anton Shekhovtsov, ed. (2017). Russia and the Western Far Right: Tango Noir. Routledge. p. 44.
- ^ "Россия выступает за стабильность и гражданский мир. Интервью Дмитрия Медведева программе "Вести в субботу"" [Russia stands for stability and civil peace. Dmitry Medvedev's interview with the Vesti on Saturday program]. Official website of the party "United Russia" (in Russian). 2016. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ "Государственная дума :: Фракции" [State Duma :: Factions] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
- ^ Galperovich, Danila (2016). ""Единая Россия" возвращает себе конституционное большинство в Госдуме" [United Russia regains its constitutional majority in the State Duma]. Voice of America (in Russian). Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ Shishlin, Vladimir (2011). "Путин: праймериз нужны всем" [Putin: everyone needs primaries]. Interfax (in Russian). Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ "Съезд утвердил список кандидатов в депутаты Госдумы" [The congress approved the list of candidates for deputies of the State Duma]. Official website of the party "United Russia" (in Russian). 2011. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ Zakatnova, Anna; Latukhina, Kira (26 September 2011). "Тандем продолжает действовать" [The tandem continues] (in Russian). Rossiyskaya Gazeta. Archived from the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
- ^ "Путин подтвердил свое выдвижение на президентских выборах" [Putin confirms his nomination in the presidential election]. lenta.ru (in Russian). 2011. Archived from the original on 25 September 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
- ^ "Партия сегодня" [The party today]. Official website of the party "United Russia" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 19 September 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
- ^ "Песков: Путин – лидер "Единой России"". Телеканал «Красная Линия».
- ^ "Support for Russia's Ruling Party Drops to Pre-Crimea Low – Poll", The Moscow Times, 11 March 2021
- ^ Roberts, S. P. (2012). Putin's United Russia Party. Routledge Series on Russian and East European Studies. Routledge. p. 189. ISBN 9781136588334.
- ^ Way, Lucan (2010), "Resistance to Contagion: Sources of Authoritarian Stability in the Former Soviet Union", Democracy and Authoritarianism in the Postcommunist World, Cambridge University Press, pp. 246–247
- ^ White, Stephen (2011). Understanding Russian Politics. Cambridge University Press. p. 362.
When United Russia held its 11th Congress at St Petersburg in December 2009, with Putin now party leader, its official ideology became a 'Russian conservatism', although one that would be based on the country's 'own history, culture and spirituality' and which would also seek to strengthen its 'sovereignty'.
- ^ "Russia's Party Problem: United Russia, Putin, and the Fate of Democracy in Russia | Wilson Center". www.wilsoncenter.org. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
- ^ Hutcheson, Derek S. (2010). Political marketing techniques in Russia. Routledge. p. 225.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Chen, Cheng (2016). The Return of Ideology: The Search for Regime Identities in Postcommunist Russia and China. University of Michigan Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-472-11993-6. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
- ^ Sakwa, Richard (2011). The Crisis of Russian Democracy: The Dual State, Factionalism and the Medvedev Succession. Cambridge University Press. pp. 217–218.
- ^ Bodrunova, Svetlana S.; Litvinenko, Anna A. (2013). New media and political protest: The formation of a public counter-sphere in Russia, 2008–12. Routledge. pp. 29–65, at p. 35.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Rose, Richard (2009). Understanding Post-Communist Transformation: A bottom up approach. Routledge. p. 131.
- ^ Сергей Грибанов (11 March 2013). "Грибанов: Правящая партия – по-прежнему конкурентоспособна". Официальный сайт партии "Единая Россия". Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ Yarovaya, Irina (2012). "Яровая: "Единая Россия" была и остается пропрезидентской партией" [Yarovaya: United Russia was and remains a pro-presidential party]. Official website of the party "United Russia" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ Orlova, Nataliya (2016). "Пропрезидентская партия "Единая Россия" получила 54% голосов: нейтрально" [The pro-presidential United Russia party received 54% of the vote: neutral]. ПРАЙМ (in Russian). Archived from the original on 15 April 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ "Предвыборная программа Партии "Единая Россия"" [The election program of the United Russia Party]. Official website of the party "United Russia" (in Russian). 2011. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ Compare: Remington, Thomas (2013). Patronage and the Party of Power: President—Parliament Relations under Vladimir Putin. Routledge. p. 106. ISBN 9781317989943. Retrieved 22 August 2016.
The party of power in Russia has not achieved ... single-minded mastery of the power and wealth associated with the control of patronage. The party is united only in its support for and dependence on the Kremlin; it is divided when its principal clients take opposing sides. ... United Russia is not a programmatic party, but a mechanism for extracting rents and distributing patronage. ... In Russia, the party is the creature of the presidency. ... [T]he construction of a lasting party of power such as united Russia requires a sustained commitment on the part of the authorities, one which president Putin has been willing to undertake. ... [T]he concerted effort by President Putin's administration to build up a lasting party of power is a significant development in post-1993 Russian politics ... .
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Moraski, Bryon J. (2013). The Duma's electoral system: Lessons in endogeneity. Routledge. p. 109. ISBN 9781136641022. Retrieved 22 August 2016.
With the March 2000 election of President Vladimir Putin, ... the suspicion was that ... institutional changes 'could resurrect a system dominated by a single "party of power"' (McFaul 2000, 30). ... Still, Russia's electoral system remained largely unchanged for the 2003 Duma election, although the results certainly fuelled speculation that a dominant-party-state had begun to emerge. ... With the union of Fatherland-All Russia and Unity, Russia's party of power had changed once again, this time emerging as United Russia. The 2003 Duma election provided some evidence that the electoral system was working in the party of power's favour.