Bipalium is a genus of large predatory land planarians. They are often loosely called "hammerhead worms" or "broadhead planarians" because of the distinctive shape of their head region. Land planarians are unique in that they possess a "creeping sole", a highly ciliated region on the ventral epidermis that helps them to creep over the substrate.[2] Native to Asia, several species are invasive to the United States,[3] Canada, and Europe.[4][5] Some studies have begun the investigation of the evolutionary ecology of these invasive planarians.[6]
^Stimpson (1857). "Prodromus descriptionis animalium evertebratorum quæ in Expeditione ad Oceanum, Pacificum Septentrionalem a Republica Federata missa, Johanne Rodgers Duce, observavit er descripsit. Pars I. Turbellaria Dendrocœla". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 9: 25. JSTOR 4059187.
^Curtis, S.K.; Cowden, R.R.; Moore, J.D.; Robertson, J.L. (1983). "Histochemical and ultrastructural features of the epidermis of land planarian Bipalium adventitium". Journal of Morphology. 175 (2): 171–194. doi:10.1002/jmor.1051750206. PMID 30060639. S2CID 51875789.
^Ogren, R.E. 1985. The human factor in the spread of an exotic land planarian in Pennsylvania. Proc. of the Penn. Acad. of Sci. 59: 117-118.
^Justine, Jean-Lou; Winsor, Leigh; Gey, Delphine; Gros, Pierre; Thévenot, Jessica (2018). "Giant worms chez moi! Hammerhead flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae, Bipalium spp., Diversibipalium spp.) in metropolitan France and overseas French territories". PeerJ. 6: e4672. doi:10.7717/peerj.4672. PMC 5969052. PMID 29844951.
^Filella-Subira, E (1983). ""Nota sobre la presència de la planària terrestre Bipalium kewense Moseley, 1878 a Catalunya"". Butll. Inst. Cat. Hist. Nat. 49: 151.
^Ducey, P. K.; West, L. J.; Shaw, G.; De Lisle, J. (2005). "Reproductive ecology and evolution in the invasive terrestrial planarian Bipalium adventitium across North America". Pedobiologia. 49 (4): 367. doi:10.1016/j.pedobi.2005.04.002.
Bipalium is a genus of large predatory land planarians. They are often loosely called "hammerhead worms" or "broadhead planarians" because of the distinctive...
Bipalium adventitium, the wandering broadhead planarian, is a land planarian in the subfamily Bipaliinae. It has been accidentally introduced in the United...
Bipalium kewense, also known as the shovel-headed garden worm, is a species of large predatory land planarian with a cosmopolitan distribution. It is sometimes...
Bipalium pennsylvanicum, the three-lined land planarian, is a species of land planarian in the subfamily Bipaliinae. They are native to Asia, but found...
Bipalium vagum, the wandering hammerhead worm, is a land planarian in the subfamily Bipaliinae. It has been accidentally introduced in the United States...
Bipalium fuscatum is a species of land planarian first described by William Stimpson in 1857. It has been found in Japan, Indonesia, and in parts of continental...
Bipalium adensameri is a species of predatory land planarian. It has been found on Java in Indonesia as well as in Vietnam. "Bipalium adensameri Graff...
Bipalium nobile is a land planarian of the subfamily Bipaliinae found in Japan. Bipalium nobile is a very long planarian, reaching up to 1 m (3.3 ft) in...
Bipalium choristosperma is a species of predatory land planarian within the family Geoplanidae. The species is native to Mayalsia, being found on the northern...
Bipalium javanum, the Javan broadhead planarian, is a species of land planarian belonging to the subfamily Bipaliinae. It is endemic to Indonesia. Like...
Nemertea (ribbon worms), a polyclad flatworm, land planarians of the genus Bipalium, toads of the genus Atelopus, toads of the genus Brachycephalus, the eastern...
in many other parts of the world. For example, planarians of the genus Bipalium are widely distributed in North America, and planarians of the genus Platydemus...
one of several nemerteans which make use of defensive toxic secretions Bipalium kewense, the hammerhead flatworm, is coated in toxic mucus Negombata magnifica...
freshwater forms more than 500 mm (20 in) long or terrestrial species like Bipalium kewense which can reach 600 mm (24 in) in length. All the larger forms...
Species in the subfamily Bipaliinae are grouped in the following genera: Bipalium Stimpson, 1857 Humbertium Ogren & Sluys, 2001 Novibipalium Kawakatsu et...
Dugesiidae. Their relocation inside Geoplanidae needs further investigation. Bipalium adventitium close up under a rock, North California, USA. Obama ladislavii...
genus Bipalium. The main difference occurs in the copulatory apparatus, which in Novibipalium lacks a well-developed penis papilla, while in Bipalium a penis...
similar to the one in Bipalium, but with the ovovitelloducts entering the female atrium anteriorly and not posteriorly as in Bipalium. The genus Humbertium...
"Giant worms chez moi! Hammerhead flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae, Bipalium spp., Diversibipalium spp.) in metropolitan France and overseas French...
Life". eol.org. Retrieved 2024-03-19. "Why is it that so many invasive species are icky? Bipalium Flat Worms". lucec.loyno.edu. Retrieved 2024-03-18....
mitogenomes of the two other species previously sampled from the Geoplanidae, Bipalium kewense and Obama nungara; however, the mitogenome of Platydemus manokwari...
"Giant worms chez moi! Hammerhead flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae, Bipalium spp., Diversibipalium spp.) in metropolitan France and overseas French...
1896) – slug Arion simrothi - slug Tapinoma simrothi Krausse, 1911 - ant Bipalium simrothi - planarian It was thought that there is no collection by Simroth...
now found in several European countries. It is superficially similar to Bipalium kewense, which is even more widespread in the world, but can be easily...
Rhynchodemus, while species with a crescent-shaped head were placed in Bipalium. In the same year, apparently unaware of Stimpson's paper, the naturalist...
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