The Tudeh Party of Iran (Persian: حزب توده ایران, romanized: Hezb-e Tude-ye Irân, lit. 'Party of the Masses of Iran') is an Iranian communist party. Formed in 1941, with Soleiman Mirza Eskandari as its head, it had considerable influence in its early years and played an important role during Mohammad Mosaddegh's campaign to nationalize the Anglo-Persian Oil Company and his term as prime minister.[7] Tudeh became a pro-Soviet organization after the Iran crisis of 1946 and was prepared to carry out the dictates of the Kremlin, even if it meant sacrificing Iranian political independence and sovereignty.[8][9] The crackdown that followed the 1953 coup against Mosaddegh is said to have "destroyed" the party,[10][11] although a remnant persisted. The party still exists but has remained much weaker as a result of its banning in Iran and mass arrests by the Islamic Republic in 1982, as well as the executions of political prisoners in 1988. Tudeh identified itself as the historical offshoot of the Communist Party of Persia.[12]
^ abc"Tudeh: 75 Years Fighting For Iran's Working Class". Morning Star. 8 October 2016. Archived from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
^ abMultiple sources:
Stephanie Cronin (2013). Reformers and Revolutionaries in Modern Iran: New Perspectives on the Iranian Left. Routledge/BIPS Persian Studies Series. Routledge. pp. 42–43. ISBN 978-1-134-32890-1.
Samih K. Farsoun; Mehrdad Mashayekhi (2005). Iran: Political Culture in the Islamic Republic. Routledge. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-415-37005-9. Thus the Tudeh Party introduced the Stalinist version of Marxism into Iran. As was discussed before, in the late 1950s the Third Worldist ideology and its socialist variant appeared in Iran, basically through the impact of the Chinese, Cuban and Vietnamese Revolutions
Tadd Fernée (2014). Enlightenment and Violence: Modernity and Nation-Making. SAGE. p. 318. Yet, when the Soviet Union demanded its oil concession the following year the Tudeh Party extended full support on ideological grounds. The Tudeh Party evolved towards a Stalinist pro-Moscow Party, ultimately losing much public support. International political pressures transformed the Tudeh Party into the local evangelical force of the Stalinist faith by 1949.
Sepehr Zabir (2012). The Left in Contemporary Iran (RLE Iran D). Taylor & Francis. p. 198. At the end of 1984 the party returned to a rigid Stalinist interpretation of post-Second World War developments in Soviet-Iranian relations...
^The Nationalist-Religious Movement | Part 1: Patriots and Mosaddeghists by MUHAMMAD SAHIMI Tehran Bureau in Los Angeles| 28 June 2011
^Touraj Atabaki (2000), Azerbaijan: Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran, I.B.Tauris, p. 137
^Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University Press. pp. 300. ISBN 0-691-10134-5.
^Meftahi, Ida (2016). Gender and Dance in Modern Iran: Biopolitics on Stage. Routledge. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-317-62062-4.
^Tudeh News, Statement of the Central Committee of the Tudeh Party of Iran, 2007.
^Shahvar, Soli (2023). "Hezb-e Tudeh-ye Iran and Its Struggle Against the Challenges Posed Against It by the British, 1942–1946: An Analysis Based on Soviet Documents". Iranian Studies. 57: 3. doi:10.1017/irn.2023.56.
^Abdul Razak, Rowena (2018). "Convenient comrades: reassessing the early relationship between the Soviet Union and the Tudeh Party during the British–Soviet occupation of Iran, 1941–1945". In Matthee, Rudi; Andreeva, Elena (eds.). Russians in Iran: Diplomacy and power in the Qajar era and beyond. I.B. Tauris. p. 276.
^Abrahamian, Ervand, A History of Modern Iran, p.122
^Abrahamian, Tortured Confessions, (1999), p.92
^Vahabzadeh, Peyman (2010). Guerrilla Odyssey: Modernization, Secularism, Democracy, and the Fadai Period of National Liberation In Iran, 1971–1979. Syracuse University Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-8156-5147-5.
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