Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet information
1913 treaty between Mongolia and Tibet
The treaty written in Tibetan, with official seals.
A Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet was signed on 11 January 1913[1] (corresponding to 29 December 1912 of the Julian calendar), at Urga (now Ulaanbaatar).
This treaty's text in Mongolian was published by the Mongolian Academy of Sciences in 1982,[2] and in 2007 an original copy in Tibetan language and script surfaced from Mongolian archives.[3]
Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet
There have been questions about the authority of a Tibetan negotiator, Dorjiev, to conclude such a treaty, being he was both a Russian subject and ethnically Buryat.[4]
^Udo B. Barkmann, Geschichte der Mongolei, Bonn 1999, p.119–122,380f
^Udo B. Barkmann, Geschichte der Mongolei, Bonn 1999, p. 380f
^Phurbu Thinley (2008-11-12). "Tibet - Mongolia Treaty of 1913, a proof of Tibet's independence: Interview with Prof. Elliot Sperling". Phayul.com. Retrieved 2008-11-13.
^Smith, Warren, "Tibetan Nation", p.186: "The validity is often questioned, mainly on grounds of the authority of Dorjiev to negotiate on behalf of Tibet... the fact that Dorjief was a Russian citizen while ethnically Tibetan somewhat compromises his role; the treaty had some advantages to Russia in that it could be interpreted as extending Russia's protectorate over Mongolia to encompass Tibet."
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