Treaty 45, referred to variously as the Manitoulin Island treaty, the treaty of Manitowaning, or the Bond Head treaty, is a treaty that, by its terms, converted the whole of Manitoulin Island, then in Upper Canada, into a reserve.[1]
Treaty 45 was negotiated in August 1836 between 16 leaders of the Odawa and Ojibwe and Francis Bond Head, as a representative of the British Crown.[2][1][3] An entry in The Canadian Encyclopedia suggests that as opposed to "negotiation", what happened instead was simply that Bond Head "collected the signatures" of these leaders on the treaty document.[4] Bond Head had travelled to Manitoulin Island in part for an annual exchange of presents with his Indigenous counterparts; according to historian Robert J. Surtees, he "took more decisive action" in negotiating the treaty once there.[5]
The English-language document memorializing the treaty is in the collection of Library and Archives Canada.[6]
The treaty's conclusion was memorialized on Manitoulin Island in August 2011.[7]
The term "Manitoulin Island treaty" may also refer to a treaty negotiated in 1862.[6]
^ abMcNab, David T. (1999). Circles of Time: Aboriginal Land Rights and Resistance in Ontario. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-88920-693-9.
^Hutchings, Kevin (20 September 2016). "'More Savage than Bears or Wolves': Animals, Colonialism and the Aboriginal Atlantic". In Eckel, Leslie (ed.). Edinburgh Companion to Atlantic Literary Studies. Edinburgh University Press. p. 316. ISBN 978-1-4744-0295-8. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctt1g051f1.25.
^Hutchings, Kevin (20 August 2020). Transatlantic Upper Canada: Portraits in Literature Land and British-Indigenous Relations. McGill–Queen's University Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-2280-0266-6.
^Anderson, Charnel (29 September 2021). "Wiikwemkoong Unceded Territory". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
^Surtees 1986, p. 8.
^ abBuchanan & Hewitt 2017, p. 300.
^Erskine, Michael (17 August 2011). "First Nations gather to mark 1836 Manitowaning Treaty". Manitoulin Expositor. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
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