Closed trapped surfaces are a concept used in black hole solutions of general relativity[1] which describe the inner region of an event horizon. Roger Penrose defined the notion of closed trapped surfaces in 1965.[2] A trapped surface is one where light is not moving away from the black hole. The boundary of the union of all trapped surfaces around a black hole is called an apparent horizon.
A related term trapped null surface is often used interchangeably. However, when discussing causal horizons, trapped null surfaces are defined as only null vector fields giving rise to null surfaces. But marginally trapped surfaces may be spacelike, timelike or null.[3]
^Senovilla, Jose M. M. (September 15, 2011). "Trapped Surfaces". International Journal of Modern Physics D. 20 (11): 2139–2168. arXiv:1107.1344. Bibcode:2011IJMPD..20.2139S. doi:10.1142/S0218271811020354. S2CID 119249809.
^Penrose, Roger (January 1965). "Gravitational collapse and space-time singularities". Phys. Rev. Lett. 14 (3): 57–59. Bibcode:1965PhRvL..14...57P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.14.57.
^Nielsen, Alex B. (February 10, 2014). "Revisiting Vaidya Horizons". Galaxies. 2 (1): 62–71. Bibcode:2014Galax...2...62N. doi:10.3390/galaxies2010062.
closed trappedsurfaces in 1965. A trappedsurface is one where light is not moving away from the black hole. The boundary of the union of all trapped surfaces...
wave's transmission. Other types of surface wave are the trappedsurface wave, the gliding wave and Dyakonov surface waves (DSW) propagating at the interface...
the surface is called trapped. The apparent horizon is the outermost of all trappedsurfaces, also called the "marginally outer trappedsurface" (MOTS)...
Penrose singularity theorem of 1964 it is known that if there is trapped null surface (and some other conditions) then a singularity must form, in 1983...
incorporated trap elements. The song reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 by the end of January 2014. In May 2015, trap music once again surfaced to the...
apparent contraction of distances between points on the object's transverse surface could then be interpreted as being due to an apparent change in viewing...
molecular-weight gases can be trapped. Trapping nitrogen, helium, and hydrogen requires extremely low temperatures (~10K) and large surface area as described below...
personal bodyguard Brandon and flight attendant Danilo, find themselves trapped inside an air pocket at the rear of the fuselage as it sinks to a rock...
quantization of areas: the operator of the area A of a two-dimensional surface Σ should have a discrete spectrum. Every spin network is an eigenstate...
disturbed return water helps remove organic debris from the pool surface and directs it to be trapped within the back-dilution system for easy disposal. Some return...
swamp, lake, lagoon, river, etc.) Surface and ground waters stagnation Trapped water stagnation. The water may be trapped in human artifacts (discarded cans...
until they either seep to the surface or are trapped by a non-permeable stratigraphic trap. They can be extracted from the trap by drilling. The largest natural...
PMC 5253930. PMID 28163644. S2CID 16566181. Senovilla, José M. M. (2011). "Trappedsurfaces". International Journal of Modern Physics D. 20 (11): 2139–2168. arXiv:1107...
Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of a surface's water and sub-surface water from an area with excess water. The internal drainage of most...
insects being targeted. Light traps are widely used to survey nocturnal moths. Total species richness and abundance of trapped moths may be influenced by...
help keep the mucus stream in place. The total length of the food-trappingsurface may be very large; the 56 arms of a Japanese sea lily with 24 cm (9 in)...
A fish trap is a trap used for catching fish and other aquatic animals of value. Fish traps include fishing weirs, cage traps, fish wheels and some fishing...
be damaged during SMT reflow when moisture trapped inside the component expands. The expansion of trapped moisture can result in internal separation (delamination)...
"sensitive hairs") on their inner surfaces. Additionally, when an insect or spider touches one of these hairs, the trap prepares to close, only fully enclosing...
conduit that feeds the La Brea Tar Pits. Petroleum migrated to the surface over time, trapping and preserving animals and plants for the past 50,000 years....
trap levels: An electron in the conduction band can be trapped in an intragap state. An electron can be emitted into the conduction band from a trap level...
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