Crinoid on the reef of Batu Moncho Island, Indonesia
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Echinodermata
Subphylum:
Crinozoa
Class:
Crinoidea Miller, 1821[2]
Major groups
†Camerata
Pentacrinoidea
Articulata (700 living species)
†Disparida
†Porocrinoidea
†Flexibilia
Crinoids are marine invertebrates that make up the class Crinoidea. Crinoids that are attached to the sea bottom by a stalk in their juvenile form are commonly called sea lilies, while the unstalked forms, called feather stars[3][4] or comatulids, are members of the largest crinoid order, Comatulida. Crinoids are echinoderms in the phylum Echinodermata, which also includes the starfish, brittle stars, sea urchins and sea cucumbers.[5] They live in both shallow water[6] and in depths as great as 9,000 meters (30,000 ft).[7]
Adult crinoids are characterised by having the mouth located on the upper surface. This is surrounded by feeding arms, and is linked to a U-shaped gut, with the anus being located on the oral disc near the mouth. Although the basic echinoderm pattern of fivefold symmetry can be recognised, in most crinoids the five arms are subdivided into ten or more. These have feathery pinnules and are spread wide to gather planktonic particles from the water. At some stage in their lives, most crinoids have a short stem used to attach themselves to the substrate, but many live attached only as juveniles and become free-swimming as adults.
There are only about 700 living species of crinoid,[8] but the class was much more abundant and diverse in the past. Some thick limestone beds dating to the mid-Paleozoic era to Jurassic period are almost entirely made up of disarticulated crinoid fragments.[9][10][11]
^"Crinoidea - Digital atlas of Ancient life".
^Hansson, Hans (2012). "Crinoidea". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2013-01-30.
^Gordon, D.P. (2009). New Zealand inventory of biodiversity: 1. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Christchurch: Canterbury University Press. p. 373. ISBN 978-1-877257-72-8.
^McFall-Johnsen, Morgan; Lee, Lloyd (12 August 2023). "Scientists found a new sea creature with 20 'arms' and named it after a strawberry". Insider. Archived from the original on 12 August 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
^Cite error: The named reference Ruppert was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Zmarzly, D.L. (1985). "The Shallow-Water Crinoid Fauna of Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands: Ecological Observations, Interatoll Comparisons, and Zoogeographic Affinities". Pacific Science. 39: 340–358. hdl:10125/941.
^Oji, T.; Ogawa, Y.; Hunter, A. W. & Kitazawa, K. (2009). "Discovery of Dense Aggregations of Stalked Crinoids in Izu-Ogasawara Trench, Japan". Zoological Science. 26 (6): 406–408. doi:10.2108/zsj.26.406. PMID 19583499. S2CID 5991969.
^Reproduction and Development in Echinodermata and Prochordata
^Lucia, F. Jerry (1962). "Diagenesis of a Crinoidal Sediment". SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Research. 32: 848–865. doi:10.1306/74D70D8F-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D.
^Blyth Cain, J. D. (September 1968). "Aspects of the depositional environment and palaeoecology of crinoidal limestones". Scottish Journal of Geology. 4 (3): 191–208. Bibcode:1968ScJG....4..191B. doi:10.1144/sjg04030191. S2CID 219538295.
^Jach, Renata (April 2005). "Storm-dominated deposition of the Lower Jurassic crinoidal limestones in the Krížna unit, Western Tatra Mountains, Poland". Facies. 50 (3–4): 561–572. Bibcode:2005Faci...50..561J. doi:10.1007/s10347-004-0028-3. S2CID 128947091.
Crinoids are marine invertebrates that make up the class Crinoidea. Crinoids that are attached to the sea bottom by a stalk in their juvenile form are...
The crinoid shrimp, or feather star shrimp Hippolyte catagrapha, is a species of shrimp in the family Hippolytidae Crinoid shrimps grow to up to 3 cm in...
Myzostoma fuscomaculatum, the crinoid worm, is a species of marine worm in the family Myzostomatidae. Crinoid worms are tiny worms with stubby legs which...
This list of crinoid genera is an attempt to create a comprehensive listing of all genera that have ever been considered to be crinoids, excluding purely...
either side by brachioles, like the pinnules of a modern crinoid. Eventually, except for the crinoids, all the classes of echinoderms reversed their orientation...
they had with crinoids. Platyceratids are thought to have been parasitic on crinoids, either drilling into the stomach to steal the crinoid's food in a form...
a colloquial American term for a fossilized stem segment of a columnal crinoid, a marine echinoderm of the class Crinoidea. The fossils, generally a centimeter...
Allogalathea elegans (known as the feather star squat lobster, crinoid squat lobster or elegant squat lobster) is a species of squat lobster that is sometimes...
The Denbury Crinoidal Limestone is a geologic formation in England. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period. Earth sciences portal England...
Comatulida is an order of crinoids. Members of this order are known as feather stars and mostly do not have a stalk as adults. The oral surface with the...
Unguitrema nigrum, also known as the Black crinoid clingfish is a species of clingfish endemic to Papua New Guinea. This species occurs Madang Lagoon...
Agaricocrinus americanus, also known as the mushroom crinoid or American crinoid, is a species of extinct crinoid. Its fossils can be found in the U.S. states...
most of the grains are crinoid ossicles. In older literature, the word is sometimes used to refer to individual fossil crinoids, but this usage is obsolete...
Antarctic strawberry feather star, is a species of stemless, free-swimming crinoid. It was one of several new species of Promachocrinus to be described in...
The elegant feather star (Tropiometra carinata) is a species of crinoid in the family Tropiometridae. Elegant feather stars may grow to 20 cm in total...
extinct genus of crinoids. Species belonging to this genus lived during the Silurian and Devonian periods (from 443.4 to 358.9 Ma). The crinoid genus Camarocrinus...
Onychocrinus is an extinct genus of crinoids. This genus is known in the fossil records of the Carboniferous period of United States and Canada (age range:...
Michigan. Among the more commonly occurring specimens are bryozoans, corals, crinoids, and brachiopods. Also found, but not so commonly, are armored fish called...
is a superorder of specialized Paleozoic (Middle Ordovician to Permian) crinoids. They exhibited a conserved body plan and consistent suite of characteristics...
brachiopods, ammonoids, hederelloids, microconchids and echinoderms (especially crinoids).[citation needed] The diversity of brachiopods and fusilinid foraminiferans...
Aethocrinus is an early-diverging crinoid reported from the Early Ordovician. Its five arms bifurcate. The contested Echmatocrinus notwithstanding, it...
the echinoderms (whose modern members include starfish, sea urchins and crinoids), are quite common from the start of the Cambrian, 542 million years ago...
years ago. Although never as diverse as their contemporary relatives, the crinoids, blastoids are common fossils, especially in many Mississippian-age rocks...
Crinozoa is a subphylum of mostly sessile echinoderms, of which the crinoids, or sea lilies and feather stars, are the only extant members. Crinozoans...
This is a list of various species of marine invertebrates, animals without a backbone, that are commonly found in aquariums kept by hobby aquarists. Some...
result of LOME. The Early Silurian was a chaotic time of turnover for crinoids as they rediversified after LOME. Members of Flexibilia, which were minimally...
Global Information
