Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water information
Comparison of swimming and flying, evolution and biophysics
Penguins swim by "flying" beneath the surface of the water.Flying fish use their pectoral fins to glide above the water's surface.
Certain species of fish and birds are able to locomote in both air and water, two fluid media with very different properties. A fluid is a particular phase of matter that deforms under shear stresses and includes any type of liquid or gas. Because fluids are easily deformable and move in response to applied forces, efficiently locomoting in a fluid medium presents unique challenges. Specific morphological characteristics are therefore required in animal species that primarily depend on fluidic locomotion. Because the properties of air and water are so different, swimming and flying have very disparate morphological requirements. As a result, despite the large diversity of animals that are capable of flight or swimming, only a limited number of these species have mastered the ability to both fly and swim. These species demonstrate distinct morphological and behavioral tradeoffs associated with transitioning from air to water and water to air.
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carbon dioxide is more soluble inwater. Air flow through the mouth is tidal, and through the lungs it is bidirectional and observes "uniform pool" diffusion...
Fin and flipper locomotion occurs mostly in aquatic locomotion, and rarely in terrestrial locomotion. From the three common states of matter — gas, liquid...
of air. Water is 777 times more dense than airand is 100 times more viscous. Oxygen has a diffusion rate inair 10,000 times greater than inwater. The...
proposed tradeoffs that determine the success of prey capture: the rate of jaw opening and closing, the mobility of the bony elements in the skull, and the...
glottis. They are facultative air-breathers, accessing surface air to breathe when the water they inhabit is poorly oxygenated. Their lungs are highly vascularized...
Milt is the seminal fluid of fish, mollusks, and certain other water-dwelling animals which reproduce by spraying this fluid, which contains the sperm...
cartilaginous fish) to control their buoyancy, and thus to stay at their current water depth without having to expend energy in swimming. Also, the dorsal position...
fin Fin and flipper locomotion Fish locomotion Polydactyly in early tetrapods RoboTuna Shark fin soup Tradeoffsforlocomotioninairandwater Undulatory...
for prehistoric species. Kiviak, a traditional Inuit food from Greenland that is made of auks preserved in seal skin Tradeoffsforlocomotioninair and...
this taxon is known as rajiform locomotion. The eyes and spiracles are located on the upper surface of the body, and the gill slits on the underside....
clearly inair, despite the refractive index differences between airandwater. Lungfish (Dipnoi): Six species have limb-like fins, and can breathe air. Some...
smaller organisms (bacteria, microalgae and zooplanktons) suspended inwater, typically by having the water pass over or through a specialized filtering...
oval as in the majority of other fishes. A dorsal fin is always present, and is the principal (in some species, the only) organ of locomotion. The ventral...
accompanied by their possible meanings. Scientific names for individual species and higher taxa are included in parentheses. Contents: Top 0–9 A B C D E F G H...
Animal locomotion Aquatic Fish fin Locomotionin space Robot locomotion Role of skin inlocomotion Terrestrial locomotionTradeoffsforlocomotioninair and...
in the water column away from the bottom. Oily fish meat is a good source of important fat-soluble vitamins such as Vitamin A and D, and is rich in omega-3...
anadromous, in which adult fish live in the sea and migrate into fresh water to spawn; and catadromous, in which adult fish live in fresh waterand migrate...
muscles contract and pull against the basals of the pterygiophores along one side of the body, which helps the fish move through water by providing greater...
ampullae detect electric fields in the water, or more precisely the potential difference between the voltage at the skin pore and the voltage at the base of...
silvery grey belly and the bones are green. Garfish are pelagic fish which live close to the water surface. They eat small fish and have a migratory pattern...
fish species that spend some or all of their lives in bodies of fresh water such as rivers, lakes and inland wetlands, where the salinity is less than 1...
eggs and larvae of fish. They are usually found in the sunlit zone of the water column, less than 200 metres deep, sometimes called the epipelagic or photic...
currents. Coelacanth locomotion is unique. To move around they most commonly take advantage of up- or down-wellings of current and drift. Their paired...
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