Not to be confused with topology, typography, or tomography.
This article is about the study of Earth's surface shape and features. For discussion of land surfaces themselves, see Terrain. For other uses, see Topography (disambiguation).
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A topographic map of Stowe, Vermont with contour linesThis false-color satellite image illustrates topography of the urban core of the New York metropolitan area, with Manhattan at its center.
Topography is the study of the forms and features of land surfaces. The topography of an area may refer to the land forms and features themselves, or a description or depiction in maps.
Topography is a field of geoscience and planetary science and is concerned with local detail in general, including not only relief, but also natural, artificial, and cultural features such as roads, land boundaries, and buildings.[1] In the United States, topography often means specifically relief, even though the USGS topographic maps record not just elevation contours, but also roads, populated places, structures, land boundaries, and so on.[2]
Topography in a narrow sense involves the recording of relief or terrain, the three-dimensional quality of the surface, and the identification of specific landforms; this is also known as geomorphometry. In modern usage, this involves generation of elevation data in digital form (DEM). It is often considered to include the graphic representation of the landform on a map by a variety of cartographic relief depiction techniques, including contour lines, hypsometric tints, and relief shading.
^West, Terry R.; Shakoor, Abdul (2018-03-19). Geology Applied to Engineering (2nd ed.). Waveland Press. pp. 545. ISBN 978-1-4786-3722-6.
^"US Topo—Topographic Maps for the Nation" (PDF). USGS. October 2013.
Topography is the study of the forms and features of land surfaces. The topography of an area may refer to the land forms and features themselves, or a...
tides Hill – Landform that extends above the surrounding terrain Nadir (topography) – local minimum of a depression (in geology)Pages displaying wikidata...
Topography of Terror The Topography of Terror (German: Topographie des Terrors) is an outdoor and indoor history museum in Berlin, Germany. It is located...
Corneal topography, also known as photokeratoscopy or videokeratography, is a non-invasive medical imaging technique for mapping the anterior curvature...
Ocean surface topography or sea surface topography, also called ocean dynamic topography, are highs and lows on the ocean surface, similar to the hills...
redundant synonym, Benton. Seabed topography (ocean topography or marine topography) refers to the shape of the land (topography) when it interfaces with the...
Karst (/kɑːrst/) is a topography formed from the dissolution of soluble carbonate rocks such as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum. It is characterized by...
Look up Serravalle in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Serravalle (Italian, meaning "place where the valley narrows", and less often meaning "a fortification")...
Diffraction topography (short: "topography") is a imaging technique based on Bragg diffraction. Diffraction topographic images ("topographies") record the...
sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Topography of Romania" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2015)...
An ocean bank, sometimes referred to as a fishing bank or simply bank, is a part of the seabed that is shallow compared to its surrounding area, such as...
In topography, prominence or relative height (also referred to as autonomous height, and shoulder drop in US English, and drop in British English) measures...
anthropogenic badlands. Badlands are characterized by a distinctive badlands topography. This is terrain in which water erosion has cut a very large number of...
The topography of Pakistan is divided into seven geographic areas: the northern highlands, the Indus River plain, the desert areas, the Pothohar Plateau...
A col in geomorphology is the lowest point on a mountain ridge between two peaks. It may also be called a gap or pass. Particularly rugged and forbidding...
Shaded and colored image from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission—shows an elevation model of New Zealand's Alpine Fault running about 500 km (300 mi)...
acclaimed for his book, Topographie Anécdotée* du Hasard (An Anecdoted Topography of Chance), a literary analog to his snare-pictures, in which he mapped...
A wind gap (or air gap) is a gap through which a waterway once flowed that is now dry as a result of stream capture. A water gap is a similar feature,...
The Christian Topography (Ancient Greek: Χριστιανικὴ Τοπογραφία, Latin: Topographia Christiana) is a 6th-century work, one of the earliest essays in scientific...
floors (seabed topography), lake floors, or river floors. In other words, bathymetry is the underwater equivalent to hypsometry or topography. The first recorded...
The Topography of the Lungs is an album by saxophonist Evan Parker, guitarist Derek Bailey and percussionist Han Bennink recorded in London on 13 July...
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