A tic is a sudden and repetitive motor movement or vocalization that is not rhythmic and involves discrete muscle groups.[1][2][3] It is typically brief, and may resemble a normal behavioral characteristic or gesture.[4]
Tics can be invisible to the observer, such as abdominal tensing or toe crunching. Common motor and phonic tics are, respectively, eye blinking and throat clearing.[5]
Tics must be distinguished from movements of disorders such as chorea, dystonia and myoclonus; the compulsions of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and seizure activity;[6] and movements exhibited in stereotypic movement disorder or among autistic people (also known as stimming).[7][8][9]
^Szejko N, Robinson S, Hartmann A, et al. (October 2021). "European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders-version 2.0. Part I: assessment". Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 31 (3): 383–402. doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01842-2. PMC 8521086. PMID 34661764.
^Leckman JF, Bloch MH, King RA, Scahill L (2006). "Phenomenology of tics and natural history of tic disorders". Adv Neurol. 99: 1–16. PMID 16536348.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^American Psychiatric Association (2000). DSM-IV-TR: Tourette's Disorder. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., text revision (DSM-IV-TR), ISBN 0-89042-025-4. Available at BehaveNet.com Retrieved on August 10, 2009.
^Jankovic, Joseph; Lang, Anthony E. (2022). "24. Diagnosis and assessment of Parkinson Disease and other movement disorders; Tics". In Jankovic, Joseph; Mazziotta, John C.; Pomeroy, Scott L. (eds.). Bradley and Daroff's Neurology in Clinical Practice. Vol. I. Principles of diagnosis (8th ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier. pp. 325–326. ISBN 978-0-323-64261-3.
^Malone DA Jr, Pandya MM (2006). "Behavioral neurosurgery". Adv Neurol. 99: 241–47. PMID 16536372.
^Mineka S, Watson D, Clark LA (1998). "Comorbidity of anxiety and unipolar mood disorders". Annual Review of Psychology. 49: 377–412. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.377. PMID 9496627. S2CID 14546782.
^Singer HS (2009). "Motor stereotypies" (PDF). Semin Pediatr Neurol. 16 (2): 77–81. doi:10.1016/j.spen.2009.03.008. PMID 19501335. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-13. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
^Nind M, Kellett M (2002). "Responding to individuals with severe learning difficulties and stereotyped behaviour: challenges for an inclusive era". Eur J Spec Needs Educ. 17 (3): 265–82. doi:10.1080/08856250210162167. S2CID 142836660.
^Muthugovindan D, Singer H (2009). "Motor stereotypy disorders". Current Opinion in Neurology. 22 (2): 131–6. doi:10.1097/WCO.0b013e328326f6c8. PMID 19532036. S2CID 23006424.
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