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A thermodynamic potential (or more accurately, a thermodynamic potential energy)[1][2] is a scalar quantity used to represent the thermodynamic state of a system. Just as in mechanics, where potential energy is defined as capacity to do work, similarly different potentials have different meanings. The concept of thermodynamic potentials was introduced by Pierre Duhem in 1886. Josiah Willard Gibbs in his papers used the term fundamental functions.
One main thermodynamic potential that has a physical interpretation is the internal energy U. It is the energy of configuration of a given system of conservative forces (that is why it is called potential) and only has meaning with respect to a defined set of references (or data). Expressions for all other thermodynamic energy potentials are derivable via Legendre transforms from an expression for U. In other words, each thermodynamic potential is equivalent to other thermodynamic potentials; each potential is a different expression of the others.
In thermodynamics, external forces, such as gravity, are counted as contributing to total energy rather than to thermodynamic potentials. For example, the working fluid in a steam engine sitting on top of Mount Everest has higher total energy due to gravity than it has at the bottom of the Mariana Trench, but the same thermodynamic potentials. This is because the gravitational potential energy belongs to the total energy rather than to thermodynamic potentials such as internal energy.
^ISO/IEC 80000-5, Quantities an units, Part 5 - Thermodynamics, item 5-20.4 Helmholtz energy, Helmholtz function
^ISO/IEC 80000-5, Quantities an units, Part 5 - Thermodynamics, item 5-20.5, Gibbs energy, Gibbs function
and 27 Related for: Thermodynamic potential information
A thermodynamicpotential (or more accurately, a thermodynamicpotential energy) is a scalar quantity used to represent the thermodynamic state of a system...
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represent common conjugate variables while the sides represent thermodynamicpotentials. The placement and relation among the variables serves as a key...
state. Properties can be combined to express internal energy and thermodynamicpotentials, which are useful for determining conditions for equilibrium and...
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according to the theory of thermodynamicpotentials, if we can express the entropy as a function of U (U is a thermodynamicpotential), volume V and the number...
energy (or Helmholtz energy) is a thermodynamicpotential that measures the useful work obtainable from a closed thermodynamic system at a constant temperature...
symmetry of second derivatives and from the definitions of the thermodynamicpotentials. These relations are named for the nineteenth-century physicist...
A thermodynamic system is a body of matter and/or radiation separate from its surroundings that can be studied using the laws of thermodynamics. Thermodynamic...
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energy as the recommended name; symbol G {\displaystyle G} ) is a thermodynamicpotential that can be used to calculate the maximum amount of work, other...
indicates whether the process is thermodynamically favorable or forbidden. Since free energy usually contains potential energy, it is not absolute but depends...
state. Properties can be combined to express internal energy and thermodynamicpotentials, which are useful for determining conditions for equilibrium and...
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characterize thermodynamic systems in thermodynamic equilibrium. The laws also use various parameters for thermodynamic processes, such as thermodynamic work...
which is a function of pressure and temperature. Knowing any one thermodynamicpotential F {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}} is sufficient to compute all equilibrium...
be minimized. These state functions are known as thermodynamicpotentials. Thermodynamicpotentials are at first glance just simple algebraic combinations...
electromagnetic radiation, and the internal energy contained within a thermodynamic system. All living organisms constantly take in and release energy....
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Specific kinetic energy - Specific orbital energy - Surface energy Thermodynamic free energy - Threshold energy - Tidal power - Turbulence kinetic energy...
The following energies are called the thermodynamicpotentials, and the corresponding fundamental thermodynamic relations or "master equations" are: The...
{\displaystyle T} the temperature, and S {\displaystyle S} the entropy. The thermodynamicpotentials also satisfy d U = T d S − P d V + ∑ i μ i d n i , {\displaystyle...
considerations Helmholtz free energy, a thermodynamicpotential that measures the "useful" work obtainable from a closed thermodynamic system at a constant temperature...
level of a solid-state body is the thermodynamic work required to add one electron to the body. It is a thermodynamic quantity usually denoted by µ or EF...
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