This article is about the minimum temperature limit. For other uses, see Absolute Zero (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Absolute zero" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR(December 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Absolute zero is the lowest limit of the thermodynamic temperature scale; a state at which the enthalpy and entropy of a cooled ideal gas reach their minimum value, taken as zero kelvin. The fundamental particles of nature have minimum vibrational motion, retaining only quantum mechanical, zero-point energy-induced particle motion. The theoretical temperature is determined by extrapolating the ideal gas law; by international agreement, absolute zero is taken as −273.15 degrees on the Celsius scale (International System of Units),[1][2] which equals −459.67 degrees on the Fahrenheit scale (United States customary units or imperial units).[3] The corresponding Kelvin and Rankine temperature scales set their zero points at absolute zero by definition.
It is commonly thought of as the lowest temperature possible, but it is not the lowest enthalpy state possible, because all real substances begin to depart from the ideal gas when cooled as they approach the change of state to liquid, and then to solid; and the sum of the enthalpy of vaporization (gas to liquid) and enthalpy of fusion (liquid to solid) exceeds the ideal gas's change in enthalpy to absolute zero. In the quantum-mechanical description, matter at absolute zero is in its ground state, the point of lowest internal energy.
The laws of thermodynamics indicate that absolute zero cannot be reached using only thermodynamic means, because the temperature of the substance being cooled approaches the temperature of the cooling agent asymptotically.[4] Even a system at absolute zero, if it could somehow be achieved, would still possess quantum mechanical zero-point energy, the energy of its ground state at absolute zero; the kinetic energy of the ground state cannot be removed.
Scientists and technologists routinely achieve temperatures close to absolute zero, where matter exhibits quantum effects such as Bose–Einstein condensate, superconductivity and superfluidity.
^"SI Brochure: The International System of Units (SI) – 9th edition (updated in 2022)". BIPM. p. 133. Retrieved 7 September 2022. [...], it remains common practice to express a thermodynamic temperature, symbol T, in terms of its difference from the reference temperature T0 = 273.15 K, close to the ice point. This difference is called the Celsius temperature
^Arora, C. P. (2001). Thermodynamics. Tata McGraw-Hill. Table 2.4 page 43. ISBN 978-0-07-462014-4.
^Zielinski, Sarah (1 January 2008). "Absolute Zero". Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 1 April 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
^Masanes, Lluís; Oppenheim, Jonathan (14 March 2017), "A general derivation and quantification of the third law of thermodynamics", Nature Communications, 8 (14538): 14538, arXiv:1412.3828, Bibcode:2017NatCo...814538M, doi:10.1038/ncomms14538, PMC 5355879, PMID 28290452
Absolutezero is the lowest limit of the thermodynamic temperature scale; a state at which the enthalpy and entropy of a cooled ideal gas reach their...
the seven base units in the International System of Units (SI). Absolutezero, i.e., zero kelvin or −273.15 °C, is the lowest point in the thermodynamic...
temperature, absolutezero, the particle constituents of matter have minimal motion and can become no colder. Absolutezero, which is a temperature of zero kelvins...
characterizing the system, such as pressure or applied magnetic field. At absolutezero (zero kelvins) the system must be in a state with the minimum possible...
published the paper On an Absolute Thermometric Scale. In a footnote Thomson calculated that "infinite cold" (absolutezero) was equivalent to −273 °C...
measurement for temperature. The Kelvin scale is an absolute scale, which is defined such that 0 K is absolutezero and a change of thermodynamic temperature T...
constant volume gas thermometer plays a crucial role in understanding how absolutezero could be discovered long before the advent of cryogenics. Consider a...
definitions of the unit degree Celsius and the Celsius temperature scale used absolutezero and the triple point of water. Since 2007, the Celsius temperature scale...
where absolutezero is the temperature at which molecular energy is at a minimum, and the Rankine temperature scale are also referred to as absolute scales...
approaches absolutezero. With the exception of non-crystalline solids (glasses), the entropy of a system at absolutezero is typically close to zero. The first...
{dT}{T}}.} The heat capacity must be zero at zero temperature in order for the above integral not to yield an infinite absolute entropy, thus violating the third...
the absolute value of 3 is 3, and the absolute value of −3 is also 3. The absolute value of a number may be thought of as its distance from zero. Generalisations...
of non-interacting fermions at absolutezero temperature. In a Fermi gas, the lowest occupied state is taken to have zero kinetic energy, whereas in a metal...
Kelvin, or Absolutezero 0K, an abbreviation for Zero knowledge in cryptology Zero-knowledge proof Non-interactive zero-knowledge proof Zero-knowledge...
non-thermodynamic Celsius or Fahrenheit scales, which are nevertheless higher than absolutezero. A system with a truly negative temperature on the Kelvin scale is hotter...
to the Kelvin scale, which was first proposed in 1848, zero on the Rankine scale is absolutezero, but a temperature difference of one Rankine degree (°R...
feature designed as a dynamic art installation on the Royal Promenade AbsoluteZero: Ice skating rink and entertainment venue Surfside: Family neighborhood...
scale Absolutezero, the lower limit of the thermodynamic temperature scale, -273.15 °C Absoluteness (logic), a concept in mathematical logic Absolute (production...
Love at AbsoluteZero is the debut album by the indie pop band My Favorite, released on Double Agent in 1999. The subject matter included the end of new...
except that absolutezero is 0 °R – the same way that the Kelvin temperature scale matches the Celsius scale, except that absolutezero is 0 K. The combination...
state and therefore have zero entropy at absolutezero. It is also possible for the highest excited state to have absolutezero temperature for systems...
for his studies in the properties of matter at temperatures close to absolutezero. He spent virtually all of his educational and professional career at...
perception. A lower bound to temperature is absolutezero, defined as 0.00 K on the Kelvin scale, an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale. This corresponds...