For non-destructive testing of aircraft turbine engine blades, see Thermal acoustic imaging.
Fig. 1. Bottom: The first 3D thermoaoustic images of biologic tissue (lamb kidney). Top: MRIs of the same kidney.
Thermoacoustic imaging was originally proposed by Theodore Bowen in 1981 as a strategy for studying the absorption properties of human tissue using virtually any kind of electromagnetic radiation.[1] But Alexander Graham Bell first reported the physical principle upon which thermoacoustic imaging is based a century earlier.[2] He observed that audible sound could be created by illuminating an intermittent beam of sunlight onto a rubber sheet. Shortly after Bowen's work was published, other researchers proposed methodology for thermoacoustic imaging using microwaves.[3] In 1994 researchers used an infrared laser to produce the first thermoacoustic images of near-infrared optical absorption in a tissue-mimicking phantom, albeit in two dimensions (2D).[4] In 1995 other researchers formulated a general reconstruction algorithm by which 2D thermoacoustic images could be computed from their "projections," i.e. thermoacoustic computed tomography (TCT).[5] By 1998 researchers at Indiana University Medical Center[6] extended TCT to 3D and employed pulsed microwaves to produce the first fully three-dimensional (3D) thermoacoustic images of biologic tissue [an excised lamb kidney (Fig. 1)].[7] The following year they created the first fully 3D thermoacoustic images of cancer in the human breast, again using pulsed microwaves (Fig. 2).[8] Since that time, thermoacoustic imaging has gained widespread popularity in research institutions worldwide.[9][10][11][12][13][14][15] As of 2008, three companies were developing commercial thermoacoustic imaging systems – Seno Medical,[16] Endra, Inc.[17] and OptoSonics, Inc.[18]
Fig. 2: First 3D thermoacoustic image of breast cancer. From left to right: axial, coronal and sagittal views of the cancer (arrows).
^Bowen T. Radiation-induced thermoacoustic soft tissue imaging. Proc. IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium 1981;2:817-822.
^Bell, AG. On the production and reproduction of sound by light. Am. J. Sci. 1880;20:305-324.
^Olsen RG and Lin JC. Acoustic imaging of a model of a human hand using pulsed microwave irradiation. Bioelectromagnetics 1983; 4:397-400.
^Oraevsky AA, Jacques SL, Esenaliev RO, Tittel FK. Laser-based ptoacoustic imaging in biological tissues. Proc. SPIE 1994;2134A:122-128.
^Kruger RA, Liu P-Y and Fang Y. Photoacoustic Ultrasound (PAUS) - Reconstruction Tomography. Medical Physics 1995;22(10):1605-1609.
^"Indiana Institute of Biomedical Imaging Sciences". medicine.iu.edu. Archived from the original on 2010-06-13.
^Kruger RA, Kopecky KK, Aisen AM, Reinecke DR, Kruger GA, Kiser Jr W. Thermoacoustic computed tomography – a new medical imaging paradigm Radiology 1999,211:275-278.
^Kruger RA, Miller KD, Reynolds HE, Kiser Jr WL, Reinecke DR, Kruger GA. Contrast enhancement of breast cancer in vivo using thermoacoustic CT at 434 MHz. Radiology 2000;216: 279-283.
^Photoacoustic imaging in biomedicine
^"Photoacoustic Imaging Group".
^"Biomedical Optics - University of Twente". Archived from the original on 2008-11-02. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
^http://www.uwm.edu/~zhang25/
^"zhulab". www.engr.uconn.edu. Archived from the original on 2001-05-08.
^"Photoacoustic imaging in medicine and biomedicine". Archived from the original on 2008-10-15. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
^"Photo Acoustic Tomography". www.ultrasound.med.umich.edu. Archived from the original on 2008-05-12.
^"Home". senomedical.com.
^"ENDRA Life Sciences Inc". endrainc.com. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
^"Home". optosonics.com.
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