Theories about Alexander the Great in the Quran information
Silver tetradrachm of Alexander the Great shown wearing the horns of the ram-god Zeus-Ammon.
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The story of Dhu al-Qarnayn (in Arabic ذو القرنين, literally "The Two-Horned One"; also transliterated as Zul-Qarnain or Zulqarnain) is mentioned in Surah al-Kahf of the Quran.[1] It has long been recognised in modern scholarship that the story of Dhu al-Qarnayn has strong similarities with the Syriac Legend of Alexander the Great.[2] According to this legend, Alexander travelled to the ends of the world then built a wall in the Caucasus mountains to keep Gog and Magog out of civilized lands (the latter element is found several centuries earlier in the works of Flavius Josephus).
Several argue that the form of this narrative in the Syriac Alexander Legend (known as the Neṣḥānā) dates to between 629 and 636 CE and so is not the source for the Quranic narrative,[3] based on the view held by many Western[4] and Muslim[5][6] scholars that Surah 18 belongs to the second Meccan Period (615–619).[7] The Syriac Legend of Alexander has however received a range of dates by different scholars, from a latest date of 630[8] (close to Muhammad's death) to an earlier version inferred to have existed in the 6th century CE.[9] Sidney Griffith argues that the simple storyline found in the Syriac Alexander Legend (and the slightly later metrical homily or Alexander poem) "would most likely have been current orally well before the composition of either of the Syriac texts in writing" and it is possible that it was this orally circulating version of the account which was recollected in the Islamic milieu.[10] Many modern researchers of the Quran identify Dhu al-Qarnayn as Alexander the Great.[10]
^"Surah Al-Kahf Verse 84 | 18:84 الكهف - Quran O". qurano.com. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
^Cite error: The named reference Tesei2013 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Wheeler, B. "Moses in the Quran and Islamic Exegesis". p. 19.
^Theodor Nöldeke: Geschichte des Qorāns. Göttingen 1860; 2. Aufl., Teil 1–3, bearb. von Friedrich Schwally (Teil 1–2), Goffhelf Bergsträsser u. Otto Pretzl (Teil 3). Leipzig 1909–1938.
^Allamah Abu 'Abd Allah al-Zanjani - The History of the Quran - Al-Tawheed Vol. 4, No. 3; Vol. 5, No. 1, 2, & 3.
^Kevin P. Edgecomb - Chronological Order of Quranic Surahs - Bombaxo, 2002.
^Gero, Stephen. "The Legend of Alexander the Great in the Christian Orient" (PDF). pp. 4–5. In particular he is described there as shutting in the tribes of Yajuj wa- Majuj, the biblical Gog and Magog, by means of an iron gate or dam until the end of time, when they shall burst out of their captivity. Now, this episode is not found in the oldest form of the Greek Alexander romance; it was only interpolated, as we shall presently see, into later Byzantine medieval recensions of the text from elsewhere; that is, the Alexander romance stride dictu cannot be considered as a source of the Koranic narrative.[...]the work (Alexander Legend neshana) also does not qualify as a direct source for the 'two-horned' Alexander of the Koran [...] recent investigations indicate an ex eventu knowledge of the Khazar invasion of Armenia in A.D. 629.
^Cite error: The named reference KvBALitQ2008:175-203 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abGriffith, Sidney (2022). "The Narratives of "the Companions of the Cave," Moses and His Servant, and Dhū 'l-Qarnayn in Sūrat al-Kahf". Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association. 6: 137–166. doi:10.5913/jiqsa.6.2021.a005. S2CID 251486595.
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