Global InformationKhidr information
[1][2] al-Khidr ٱلْخَضِر al-Khaḍir | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Mystic, Green One, The Verdant One, Teacher of the Prophets, Sayyidina, Guide | |
| Venerated in | Islam |
| Influenced | Countless Sufi saints and mystics |
| Predecessor | Yusha bin Nun |
| Successor | Luqman |
Al-Khidr (/ˈxɪdər/) (Arabic: ٱلْخَضِر, romanized: al-Khaḍir; also transcribed as al-Khadir, Khader, Khidr, Hidr, Khizr, Kezr, Kathir, Khazer, Khadr, Khedher, Khizir, Khizar, Khilr) is a figure not mentioned by name in the Quran. He is described in Surah Al-Kahf, as a righteous servant of God possessing great wisdom or mystic knowledge. In various Islamic and non-Islamic traditions, Khidr is described as an angel, prophet, or wali,[3][4] who guards the sea, teaches secret knowledge[5] and aids those in distress.[6] He prominently figures as patron of the Islamic saint ibn Arabi.[7] The figure of al-Khidr has been syncretized over time with various other figures including Dūraoša[8] and Sorūsh in Iran,[9][10][11] Sargis the General[12][13] and Saint George in Asia Minor and the Levant,[14] Samael (the divine prosecutor) in Judaism, Elijah among the Druze, John the Baptist in Armenia, and Jhulelal[15] in Sindh and Punjab in South Asia.[16][17][18][19][20][21] He is commemorated on the holiday of Hıdırellez.
Though not mentioned by name in the Quran, he is named by Islamic scholars as the figure described in Quran 18:65–82 as a servant of God who has been given "knowledge" and who is accompanied and questioned by the prophet Musa (Moses) about the many seemingly unfair or inappropriate actions he (Al-Khidr) takes (sinking a ship, killing a young man, repaying inhospitality by repairing a wall). At the end of the story Khidr explains the circumstances unknown to Moses that made each of the actions fair and appropriate.
Many mystics and some scholars, who give credence to Abu Ishaq's narration of a hadith about Khidr's meeting with Dajjal (a false Messiah figure in Islamic eschatology),[22] believe that Khidr is still alive, whereas for others there are contradictory, more reliable narrations[23] and ayahs.[24]
- ^ Sijilmāsī, Aḥmad ibn al-Mubārak (2007). Pure gold from the words of Sayyidī ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz al-Dabbāgh = al-Dhabab al-Ibrīz min kalām Sayyidī ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz al-Dabbāgh. John O'Kane, Bernd Radtke. Leiden, the Netherlands. p. 684. ISBN 978-90-474-3248-7. OCLC 310402464.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Chishti (11 March 2018). "10 Sufi tales about khwaja Khidr". The Sufi Tavern. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
- ^ Brannon Wheeler Prophets in the Quran: An Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis A&C Black 2002 ISBN 978-0-826-44956-6 page 225
- ^ Bruce Privratsky Muslim Turkistan: Kazak Religion and Collective Memory Routledge, 19 Nov 2013 ISBN 9781136838170 p. 121
- ^ John P. Brown The Darvishes: Or Oriental Spiritualism Routledge 2013 ISBN 978-1-135-02990-6 page 100
- ^ M. C. Lyons The Arabian Epic: Volume 1, Introduction: Heroic and Oral Story-telling Cambridge University Press 2005 ISBN 9780521017381 p. 46
- ^ Reynolds, Gabriel Said (2009). "Angels". Encyclopaedia of Islam, Third Edition. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23204. ISBN 9789004181304.
- ^ "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org.
- ^ Gürdal Aksoy, Dersim: Alevilik, Ermenilik, Kürtlük, Ankara, 2012, p. 65-80, Dipnot yayınevi (in Turkish), ISBN 9786054412501; Anna Krasnowolska, ḴEZR, Encyclopædia Iranica, 2009
- ^ "ḴEŻR – Encyclopaedia Iranica". Iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- ^ ""Hızır versus Hızır: Kültür Tarihi, Din Sosyolojisi ve Astroloji Bağlamında Dersim Aleviliğinde Xızır", in Kızılbaşlık, Alevilik, Bektaşilik (Tarih-Kimlik-İnanç-Ritüel), Derleyenler: Yalçın Çakmak – İmran Gürtaş, İstanbul, 2015: İletişim | Gürdal Aksoy". Academia.edu. 1 January 1970. Retrieved 13 January 2017.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Aksoy 2012, p. 65-80; Elizabeth Key Fowden, The Barbarian Plain: Saint Sergius between Rome and Iran, Berkeley, 1999, University of California Press; F.W. Hasluck, 'Ambiguous Sanctuaries and Bektashi Propaganda', The Annual of the British School at Athens, Vol. 20 (1913/1914), p. 101-2
- ^ "Ambiguous Sanctuaries and Bektashi Propaganda" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 June 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
- ^ Adil, Nazim. "Saint George (Khidr) Slays the Dragon and Becomes a Saint". SufiLive. Naqshbandi Haqqani Sufi Order. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
- ^ Kumar, P. Pratap (11 September 2014). "Contemporary Hinduism in North India". Sindhi Hindus. Routledge. p. 121. ISBN 9781317546368. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Jatt, Zahida Rehman (3 June 2015). "Jhulay Lal's cradle of tolerance". Dawn News. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
- ^ Theo Maarten van Lint, "The Gift of Poetry: Khidr and John the Baptist as Patron Saints of Muslim and Armenian šīqs – Ašułs", Van Ginkel J.J., Murre-van den Berg H.L., Van Lint T.M. (eds.), Redefining Christian Identity. Cultural Interaction in the Middle East since the Rise of Islam, Leuven-Paris-Dudley, Peeters, 2005 (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 134), p. 335-378 ISBN 90-42914181
- ^ H.S. Haddad, "Georgic" Cults and Saints of the Levant, Numen, Vol. 16, Fasc. 1, Apr. 1969, p. 21-39, see JSTOR 3269569; J. Mackley, "St. George: patron saint of England?", paper presented to: Staff Researches Seminar, University of Northapmton, 5 May 2011
- ^ Raz, Dan Savery. "Israel's forgotten tribe". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
- ^ Mackley, J. (5 May 2011). "St George: patron saint of England?" (PDF). Nectar.northampton.ac.uk. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- ^ Badamo, Heather A. (2011). Image and Community: Representations of Military Saints in the Medieval Eastern Mediterranean (PhD thesis). University of Michigan. hdl:2027.42/89747.
- ^ Sahih Muslim 2938a; In-book reference: Book 54, Hadith 136; English translation: Book 41, Hadith 7017; https://sunnah.com/muslim:2938a
- ^ Sahih Muslim 2538a; In-book reference: Book 44, Hadith 310; English translation: Book 31, Hadith 6162; https://sunnah.com/muslim:2538a
- ^ Quran 21:34