The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution information
The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution
Author
Motoo Kimura
The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution is an influential monograph written in 1983 by Japanese evolutionary biologist Motoo Kimura. While the neutral theory of molecular evolution existed since his article in 1968,[1] Kimura felt the need to write a monograph with up-to-date information and evidences showing the importance of his theory in evolution.
Evolution is a change in the frequency of alleles in a population over time. Mutations occur at random and in the Darwinian evolution model natural selection acts on the genetic variation in a population that has arisen through this mutation.[2] These mutations can be beneficial or deleterious and are selected for or against based on that factor. In this theory, every evolutionary event, mutation, and gene polymorphism (neutral differences in phenotype or genotype) would have to be positively or negatively selected for and show some kind of change over many generations.[3] If these genetic differences grow between different populations speciation events can occur. When this theory was first introduced to the scientific community, there was no understanding of genetic principles such as drift or synonymous mutation.
When molecular biologists, like Motoo Kimura (1979), began to examine the DNA evidence, they found that far more mutations occur in non-protein coding regions or are synonymous mutations in coding regions (which do not change the protein structure or function) and are, therefore, not involved in selection as they do not impact an organism’s fitness.[4] These findings began to show that the positive or negative selection in Darwinian evolution was too simplistic to describe every evolutionary process.[4] Through various experiments Kimura was able to determine that proteins in mammalian lineages were polymorphisms of each other, having only one or two point mutations that did not affect the actions of the protein in any way, whereas in Darwinian evolution a slow pattern of selection in genetic lineages with increasing fitness through generations is expected.[5] The molecular evidence showed that DNA changes more often than what was originally expected and no real pattern was found. Polymorphisms in proteins that have no effect to the function are neutral or nearly neutral and do not get selected for or against at all.[3] This theory would mean that each change in DNA that is passed on to the next generation does not result in a morphological change that can be acted upon by natural selection.[6]
Genetic drift, or the result of a limited population size, can also cause a change in allele frequencies over time that can look like Darwinian evolution while actually being an entirely random or as Kimura puts it "neutral" process.[7] In this scenario a relatively small population can lose neutral alleles through the random deaths or migrations of individuals that have them. It may appear to an onlooker that one trait is being selected for over another but in actuality it is a neutral process that is not necessarily undergoing selection as it would in Darwinian evolution.[8]
^Kimura, Motoo (1968). "Evolutionary rate at the molecular level". Nature. 217 (5129): 624–626. Bibcode:1968Natur.217..624K. doi:10.1038/217624a0. PMID 5637732. S2CID 4161261.
^Wagner, Andreas (2012). "The Role of Randomness in Darwinian Evolution" (PDF). Philosophy of Science. 79: 95–119. doi:10.1086/663239. S2CID 53475743.
^ abKimura, Motoo (November 1979). "The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution". Scientific American. 241 (5): 98–129. Bibcode:1979SciAm.241e..98K. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1179-98. PMID 504979. S2CID 5119551.
^ abOhta, Tomoko (1992). "The Nearly Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 23: 263–286. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.23.1.263.
^Suarez, Edna; Barahona, Ana (1996). "The Experimental Roots of the Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution". History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences. 18: 55–81.
^Davies, Vincent (March 2006). "Neutral Theory, Phylogenies, and the Relationship between Phenotypic Change and Evolutionary Rates". Evolution. 60 (3): 476–483. doi:10.1554/04-675.1. JSTOR 4095310. PMID 16637493. S2CID 198154942.
^Lynch, Michael; et al. (October 14, 2016). "Genetic drift, selection and the evolution of the mutation rate". Nature Genetics. 17 (11): 704–714. doi:10.1038/nrg.2016.104. PMID 27739533. S2CID 5561271.
^Dietrich, Michael R.; Millstein, Roberta L. (2008). "The Role of Causal Processes in the Neutral and Nearly Neutral Theories". Philosophy of Science. 75 (5): 548–559. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.597.5426. doi:10.1086/594506. S2CID 18736117.
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