Tambralinga and neighboring Hindu-Buddhist Austronesian kingdoms in the Middle Ages
Capital
Nakhon Si Thammarat (on the Malay Peninsula)
Common languages
Old Malay, Southern Thai, Mon
Religion
Hinduism, Buddhism
Government
Monarchy
King
• 1230–1262
Chandrabhanu
History
• First mentioned in the Mahaniddesa[1][2]: 19
c. 2nd century CE
• Tambralinga conquered Lavo[3]
927
• First mentioned in medieval Chinese sources
970
• Vassal State of the Srivijaya Empire[a][2]: 22
775–969
• Late Independent
970–1277
• Tambralinga conquered the Angkor[2]: 22–23
1003
• Cholas attacked Tambralinga[2]: 22
1025
• Tambralinga invaded Sri Lanka
1247
• Refounded and became Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom
1278
• The southern peninsula became independent as the Malacca Sultanate
1365
• Fall of Tambralinga
1277
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Srivijaya
Pan Pan
Malacca Sultanate
Nakhon Si Thammarat
Today part of
Thailand, Malaysia
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2,100 BCE–200 CE
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Legendary
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691 BCE–638 CE
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52 CE–600 CE
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100 CE–1277 CE
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500 CE–1200 CE
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600 CE–800 CE
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648 CE–1388 CE
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638 CE–1292 CE
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790 CE–974 CE
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300 CE–700 CE
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200 CE–700 CE
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200 CE–1500 CE
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671 CE–1025 CE
Regional kingdoms
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1292–1775
Phayao
1094–1338
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1278–1782
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1605–1680
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1457–1902
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1808–1916
Reman
1810–1902
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Tambralinga (Sanskrit: Tāmbraliṅga) was an Indianised kingdom located on the Malay Peninsula (in modern-day Southern Thailand), existing at least from the 2nd to 13th centuries CE.[1][2]: 19 It was under the influence of Srivijaya for some time,[a] but later became independent from it. The name had been forgotten until scholars recognized Tambralinga as Nakhon Si Thammarat (Nagara Sri Dharmaraja). In Sanskrit and Prakrit, tām(b)ra means "copper", "copper-coloured" or "red" and linga means "symbol" or "creation", typically representing the divine energy of Shiva.[4][5]
Tambralinga first sent an embassy to China under the Song dynasty in 1001. In the 12th century it may or may not have been under the suzerainty of the Burmese Pagan Kingdom and a kingdom of Sri Lanka.[6] At its height in the mid-13th century, under King Chandrabhanu, Tambralinga was independent, regrouping and consolidating its power and even invading Sri Lanka.[7] By the end of the 13th century, Tambralinga was recorded in Siamese history as Nakhon Si Thammarat, under the suzerainty of the Tai Sukhothai Kingdom.[8]
^ abสืบพงศ์ ธรรมชาติ (2014). "อารยธรรมแดนใต้ ตามพรลิงค์ ลังกาสุกะ ศรีวิชัย และศรีธรรมราชมหานคร (เมืองสิบสองนักษัตร)" [The Civilization of Tambralinga Langasuga Sivichai and Si Thammarat Mahanakhon (Muang Sibsongnagasat)]. Asian Journal of Arts and Culture (in Thai). 14 (1). Archived from the original on 24 April 2024.
^ abcdefCite error: The named reference noonsuk was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^"๑ สหัสวรรษ แห่ง "พระนิยม"". Fine Arts Department (in Thai). Archived from the original on 25 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
^Roland Braddell (1980). A Study of Ancient Times in the Malay Peninsula and the Straits of Malaccam and Notes on Ancient Times in Malaya. Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. p. 398.
^Stuart Munro-Hay (2001). Nakhon Sri Thammarat: The Archaeology, History and Legend of a Southern Thai Town. White Lotus Press. p. 22.
^Michel Jacq-Hergoualc'h (2002). The Malay Peninsula: Crossroads of the Maritime Silk-Road (100 BCE–1300 CE). Brill. p. 400.
^Craig J. Reynolds (2019). Power, Protection and Magic in Thailand: The Cosmos of a Southern Policeman. ANU Press. pp. 74–75.
^Michel Jacq-Hergoualc'h (2002). The Malay Peninsula: Crossroads of the Maritime Silk-Road (100 BCE–1300 CE). Brill. p. 489.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
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