In plants, a variable pore between paired guard cells
Not to be confused with Stroma.
For natural and surgically created body openings, see Stoma (medicine).
Stoma in a tomato leaf shown via colorized scanning electron microscope imageA stoma in horizontal cross sectionThe underside of a leaf. In this species (Tradescantia zebrina) the guard cells of the stomata are green because they contain chlorophyll while the epidermal cells are chlorophyll-free and contain red pigments.
In botany, a stoma (pl.: stomata, from Greek στόμα, "mouth"), also called a stomate (pl.: stomates), is a pore found in the epidermis of leaves, stems, and other organs, that controls the rate of gas exchange between the internal air spaces of the leaf and the atmosphere. The pore is bordered by a pair of specialized parenchyma cells known as guard cells that regulate the size of the stomatal opening.
The term is usually used collectively to refer to the entire stomatal complex, consisting of the paired guard cells and the pore itself, which is referred to as the stomatal aperture.[1] Air, containing oxygen, which is used in respiration, and carbon dioxide, which is used in photosynthesis, passes through stomata by gaseous diffusion. Water vapour diffuses through the stomata into the atmosphere as part of a process called transpiration.
Stomata are present in the sporophyte generation of the vast majority of land plants, with the exception of liverworts, as well as some mosses and hornworts. In vascular plants the number, size and distribution of stomata varies widely. Dicotyledons usually have more stomata on the lower surface of the leaves than the upper surface. Monocotyledons such as onion, oat and maize may have about the same number of stomata on both leaf surfaces.[2]: 5 In plants with floating leaves, stomata may be found only on the upper epidermis and submerged leaves may lack stomata entirely. Most tree species have stomata only on the lower leaf surface.[3] Leaves with stomata on both the upper and lower leaf surfaces are called amphistomatous leaves; leaves with stomata only on the lower surface are hypostomatous, and leaves with stomata only on the upper surface are epistomatous or hyperstomatous.[3] Size varies across species, with end-to-end lengths ranging from 10 to 80 µm and width ranging from a few to 50 µm.[4]
^Esau, K. (1977). Anatomy of Seed Plants. Wiley and Sons. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-471-24520-9.
^Weyers, J. D. B.; Meidner, H. (1990). Methods in stomatal research. Longman Group UK Ltd. ISBN 978-0582034839.
^ abWillmer, Colin; Fricker, Mark (1996). Stomata. Springer. p. 16. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-0579-8. ISBN 978-94-010-4256-7. S2CID 224833888.
^Fricker, M.; Willmer, C. (2012). Stomata. Springer Netherlands. p. 18. ISBN 978-94-011-0579-8. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
In botany, a stoma (pl.: stomata, from Greek στόμα, "mouth"), also called a stomate (pl.: stomates), is a pore found in the epidermis of leaves, stems...
diverted biological system (colon, ileum, bladder) and the creation of a stoma. Pouching systems are most commonly associated with colostomies, ileostomies...
A colostomy is an opening (stoma) in the large intestine (colon), or the surgical procedure that creates one. The opening is formed by drawing the healthy...
Ileostomy is a stoma (surgical opening) constructed by bringing the end or loop of small intestine (the ileum) out onto the surface of the skin, or the...
Ad Stoma was a fort in the Roman province of Moesia. As Tabula Peutingeriana shows it is situated between Histriopolis and Salsovia; 60 miles from Histriopolis...
A urostomy is a surgical procedure that creates a stoma (artificial opening) for the urinary system. A urostomy is made to avail for urinary diversion...
reversible or non reversible stoma where rectal disease may or may not be present. Patients who experience tenesmus as a result of stoma installation can experience...
direct airway through an incision in the trachea (windpipe). The resulting stoma (hole) can serve independently as an airway or as a site for a tracheal...
ulcer. Add from When cleaning the stoma area, plain warm water should be use and dry wipe to gently clean around the stoma. Pat gently and make sure not to...
pressure and stomatal pore size. Guard cells are cells surrounding each stoma. They help to regulate the rate of transpiration by opening and closing...
reabsorbed. The end of the ileum is then brought out through an opening (a stoma) in the abdominal wall. The residual small bowel is reanastamosed with the...
with the exterior through an open water stoma or open pore. The water stoma structurally resembles an ordinary stoma, but is usually larger and has lost the...
or -stomy : surgically creating a hole (a new "mouth" or "stoma", from the Greek στόμα (stóma), meaning "body", see List of -ostomies) -otomy or -tomy :...
deodorant, it is commonly used by individuals who have had gastrointestinal stoma surgery, bariatric surgery, fecal incontinence, and irritable bowel syndrome...
Peristome (from the Greek peri, meaning 'around' or 'about', and stoma, 'mouth') is an anatomical feature that surrounds an opening to an organ or structure...
forms the mouth. The protostomes (from Greek πρωτο- prōto- 'first' + στόμα stóma 'mouth') were so named because it was once believed that in all cases the...
durable opening (called a stoma) through the abdominal wall into an intestine (small intestine or large intestine) or (2) the stoma thus created. The various...
"Voicebox" ad, where she is talking to the viewer then smokes through her stoma at her throat, described in a statement by Dr. Ron Chapman of the California...
from each other and able to both fold in to cover the stoma as well as fold back to open the stoma. This articulation of the teeth is termed arthrodontous...
"up, on, upon", stoma "mouth", "to furnish with a mouth". Thus the -stom- syllable is cognate with that of stoma in botany or stoma in medicine. An anastomosis...
03:30:38 and in 2023 became the fastest woman to run the Marathon with a stoma bag, finishing the race in 3:30:22, achieving a Guinness World Record. Roberts...
infection, kidney damage, embolism, perineal hernia, and problems with the stomas created. However, it increases 5-year survival rate from certain cancers...
makes the decision to perform the stoma operation to prevent Dom dying in the procedure. Dom survives but finds his stoma unbearable. Ames told Victoria...
and cohesion to the foliage and out small pores called stomata (singular "stoma"). The stomata are bordered by guard cells and their stomatal accessory...
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