In the mathematical field of Lie theory, a split Lie algebra is a pair where is a Lie algebra and is a splitting Cartan subalgebra, where "splitting" means that for all , is triangularizable. If a Lie algebra admits a splitting, it is called a splittable Lie algebra.[1] Note that for reductive Lie algebras, the Cartan subalgebra is required to contain the center.
Over an algebraically closed field such as the complex numbers, all semisimple Lie algebras are splittable (indeed, not only does the Cartan subalgebra act by triangularizable matrices, but even stronger, it acts by diagonalizable ones) and all splittings are conjugate; thus split Lie algebras are of most interest for non-algebraically closed fields.
Split Lie algebras are of interest both because they formalize the split real form of a complex Lie algebra, and because split semisimple Lie algebras (more generally, split reductive Lie algebras) over any field share many properties with semisimple Lie algebras over algebraically closed fields – having essentially the same representation theory, for instance – the splitting Cartan subalgebra playing the same role as the Cartan subalgebra plays over algebraically closed fields. This is the approach followed in (Bourbaki 2005), for instance.
^(Bourbaki 2005, Chapter VIII, Section 2: Root System of a Split Semi-Simple Lie Algebra, p. 77)
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