Spinal locomotion results from intricate dynamic interactions between a central program in lower thoracolumbar spine and proprioceptive feedback from body in the absence of central control by brain as in complete spinal cord injury (SCI).[1][2][3][4] Following SCI, the spinal circuitry below the lesion site does not become silent; rather, it continues to maintain active and functional neuronal properties, although in a modified manner.[5][6]
^Edgerton et al, 1998a. Locomotor capacity attributable to step training versus spontaneous recovery after spinalization in adult cats. Journal of Neurophysiol. 79:1329–1340.
^Edgerton et al, 1999a. Retention of hindlimb stepping ability in adult spinal cats after the cessation of step training. Journal of Neurophysiology. 81:85–94.
^Edgerton et al, 2002. Use of robotics in assessing the adaptive capacity of the rat lumbar spinal cord. Prog. Brain Res. 137:141–149.
^Guertin PA (December 2009). "The mammalian central pattern generator for locomotion". Brain Research Reviews. 62 (4): 345–56. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.08.002. PMID 1972008. S2CID 9374670.
^Edgerton, V.R., Harkema, S.J., Dobkin, B.H. 2003. Retraining the Human Spinal Cord In: Spinal Cord Medicine: Principles and Practices. Demos Medical Publishing, Chapter 60, 817-826.
^de Leon, R.D., Roy, R.R., and Edgerton, V.R.2001 Is the recovery of stepping following spinal cord injury mediated by modifying existing neural pathways or by generating new pathways? Physical Therapy. 81(12): 1904-1911.
Spinallocomotion results from intricate dynamic interactions between a central program in lower thoracolumbar spine and proprioceptive feedback from...
functional unit of the CNS. While the spinal cord has certain processing ability such as that of spinallocomotion and can process reflexes, the brain is...
The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue that extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region...
"Phasic gain control of reflexes from the dorsum of the paw during spinallocomotion". Brain Research. 132 (1): 121–39. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(77)90710-7...
A spinal interneuron, found in the spinal cord, relays signals between (afferent) sensory neurons, and (efferent) motor neurons. Different classes of...
vertebrates. The proportions of the vertebrae differ according to their spinal segment and the particular species. The basic configuration of a vertebra...
of locomotion consist of motor neurons and spinal interneurons and are located in the lower thoracic and lumbar regions of the vertebrate spinal cord...
Bipedalism is a form of terrestrial locomotion where an animal moves by means of its two rear (or lower) limbs or legs. An animal or machine that usually...
modes of locomotion to deal with particular environments. Unlike the gaits of limbed animals, which form a continuum, each mode of snake locomotion is discrete...
medulla, which themselves project throughout the spinal cord to activate the CPGs involved in locomotion. In particular, the reticular formation in the...
motor cortex, brainstem or the spinal cord, and whose axon (fiber) projects to the spinal cord or outside of the spinal cord to directly or indirectly...
Undulatory locomotion is the type of motion characterized by wave-like movement patterns that act to propel an animal forward. Examples of this type of...
medulla, and target lower motor neurons in the spinal cord that are involved in reflexes, locomotion, complex movements, and postural control. These...
goals for people with a spinal cord injury. SCI treatments may focus on specific goals such as to restore walking or locomotion to an optimal level for...
Stingray pectoral fin locomotion can be divided into two categories, undulatory and oscillatory. Stingrays that use undulatory locomotion have shorter thicker...
pattern of movement of the limbs of animals, including humans, during locomotion over a solid substrate. Most animals use a variety of gaits, selecting...
locomotion. Because the number of descending neurons is several orders of magnitude smaller than the number of neurons in either the brain or spinal cord/ventral...
reflexes, are activated by skin receptors and play a valuable role in locomotion, providing quick responses to unexpected environmental challenges. They...
flexors and extensors. The reticulospinal tracts are involved mainly in locomotion and postural control, although they do have other functions as well. The...
populations in the spinal cord to the ability to produce the alternating movements between limbs during locomotion and to set the rhythm of locomotion. Kiehn has...
Pulsation Navel Radiation Mouthing Pre-Spinal The vertebrate patterns are: Spinal Yield and Push (skull to tail) Spinal Yield and Push (tail to skull) Homologous...
through the entire physiological range, not only at high strain. During locomotion, Ib input excites rather than inhibits motoneurons of the receptor-bearing...
(2008). "Physiology and morphology of shared and specialized spinal interneurons for locomotion and scratching". Journal of Neurophysiology. 99 (6): 2887–2901...
Horses can use various gaits (patterns of leg movement) during locomotion across solid ground, either naturally or as a result of specialized training...
walking in stroke and spinal cord injury individuals. This system does not apply peroneal nerve stimulation to enable locomotion. Instead, it activates...
levels of the spinallocomotion control network. This study demonstrated that FSA techniques could be applied to models of vertebrate locomotion and were not...
contractions are part of the male orgasm under the control of a spinal reflex at the level of the spinal nerves S2–4 via the pudendal nerve. Although the external...
human locomotion, which utilizes robotic exoskeletons to better understand human neuromuscular control, energetics, and/or kinematics of locomotion Post-injury...
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