Speech shadowing is a psycholinguistic experimental technique in which subjects repeat speech at a delay to the onset of hearing the phrase.[1] The time between hearing the speech and responding, is how long the brain takes to process and produce speech. The task instructs participants to shadow speech, which generates intent to reproduce the phrase while motor regions in the brain unconsciously process the syntax and semantics of the words spoken.[2] Words repeated during the shadowing task would also imitate the parlance of the shadowed speech.[3]
The reaction time between perceiving speech and then producing speech has been recorded at 250 ms for a standardised test.[2] However, for people with left dominant brains, the reaction time has been recorded at 150 ms.[4] Functional imaging finds that the shadowing of speech occurs through the dorsal stream.[5] This area links auditory and motor representations of speech through a pathway that starts in the superior temporal cortex, extends to the inferior parietal cortex and ends with the posterior and inferior frontal cortexes, specifically in Broca's area.[6]
The speech shadowing technique was created as a research technique by the Leningrad Group led by Ludmilla Chistovich and Valerij Kozhevnikov in the late 1950s.[4][7] In the 1950s, the Motor theory of speech perception was also in development through Alvin Liberman and Franklin S. Cooper.[8] It has been used for research on stuttering[9] and divided attention,[10] with focus on the distraction of conversational audio while driving.[11] Speech shadowing also has applications for language learning,[12] as an interpretation method[13] and in singing.[14]
^Marslen-Wilson, William D. (1985). "Speech shadowing and speech comprehension". Speech Communication. 4 (1–3): 55–73. doi:10.1016/0167-6393(85)90036-6. ISSN 0167-6393.
^ abMarslen-Wilson, W. (1973). "Linguistic structure and speech shadowing at very short latencies". Nature. 244 (5417): 522–523. Bibcode:1973Natur.244..522M. doi:10.1038/244522a0. PMID 4621131. S2CID 4220775.
^Shockley, Kevin; Sabadini, Laura; Fowler, Carol (2004-05-01). "Imitation in shadowing words". Perception & Psychophysics. 66 (3): 422–9. doi:10.3758/BF03194890. PMID 15283067.
^ abMarslen-Wilson, W. D. (1985). "Speech shadowing and speech comprehension". Speech Communication. 4 (1–3): 55–73. doi:10.1016/0167-6393(85)90036-6.
^Peschke, C.; Ziegler, W.; Kappes, J.; Baumgaertner, A. (2009). "Auditory–motor integration during fast repetition: The neuronal correlates of shadowing". NeuroImage. 47 (1): 392–402. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.03.061. PMID 19345269. S2CID 17943264.
^Hickok, G.; Poeppel, D. (2004). "Dorsal and ventral streams: A framework for understanding aspects of the functional anatomy of language". Cognition. 92 (1–2): 67–99. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2003.10.011. PMID 15037127. S2CID 635860.
^Chistovich, L. A.; Pickett, J. M.; Porter, R. J. (1998). "Speech research at the I. P. Pavlov Institute in Leningrad/St. Petersburg". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 103 (5): 3024. Bibcode:1998ASAJ..103.3024C. doi:10.1121/1.422540.
^Cite error: The named reference :25 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Harbison Jr, D. C.; Porter Jr, R. J.; Tobey, E. A. (1989). "Shadowed and simple reaction times in stutterers and nonstutterers". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 86 (4): 1277–1284. Bibcode:1989ASAJ...86.1277H. doi:10.1121/1.398742. PMID 2808903.
^Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference :16 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Luo, Dean; Minematsu, Nobuaki; Yamauchi, Yutaka; Hirose, Keikichi (December 2008). "Automatic Assessment of Language Proficiency through Shadowing". 2008 6th International Symposium on Chinese Spoken Language Processing. IEEE. pp. 1–4. doi:10.1109/chinsl.2008.ecp.22. ISBN 978-1-4244-2942-4. S2CID 2640173.
^Cite error: The named reference :20 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference :23 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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