Global InformationRomanian revolution information
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| Romanian revolution | |||||||
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| Part of the Revolutions of 1989 | |||||||
 Tanks and Miliția on the Magheru Boulevard in Bucharest during the 1989 Revolution | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
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After 22 December 1989:
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| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
 Nicolae Ceaușescu  Elena Ceaușescu Constantin Dăscălescu Emil Bobu Victor Stănculescu (defected) Vasile Milea † |
 Protesters (no centralised leadership) Ion Iliescu, members of the National Salvation Front Council | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
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689[3]–1,290 killed[4] 3,321 injured[5] | |||||||
| History of Romania |
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 Romania portal |
| Part of a series on the |
| Socialist Republic of Romania |
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The Romanian revolution (Romanian: Revoluția română) was a period of violent civil unrest in Romania during December 1989 as a part of the revolutions of 1989 that occurred in several countries around the world, primarily within the Eastern Bloc.[6] The Romanian revolution started in the city of Timișoara and soon spread throughout the country, ultimately culminating in the drumhead trial and execution of longtime Romanian Communist Party (PCR) General Secretary Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife Elena, and the end of 42 years of Communist rule in Romania. It was also the last removal of a Marxist–Leninist government in a Warsaw Pact country during the events of 1989, and the only one that violently overthrew a country's leadership and executed its leader; according to estimates, over one thousand people died and thousands more were injured.[7]
Following World War II, Romania found itself inside the Soviet sphere of influence, with Communist rule officialy declared in 1947. In April 1964, when Romania published a general policy paper worked out under Dej's instructions, the country was well on its way of carefully breaking away from Soviet control. Nicolae Ceaușescu became the country's leader the following year.[8][9] Under his rule, Romania experienced a brief waning of internal repression that led to a positive image both at home and in the West. However, repression again intensified by the 1970s. Amid tensions in the late 1980s, early protests occurred in the city of Timișoara in mid-December on the part of the Hungarian minority in response to an attempt by the government to evict Hungarian Reformed Church pastor László Tőkés. In response, Romanians sought the deposition of Ceaușescu and a change in government in light of similar recent events in neighbouring nations. The country's ubiquitous secret police force, the Securitate, which was both one of the largest in the Eastern Bloc and for decades had been the main suppressor of popular dissent, frequently and violently quashing political disagreement, ultimately proved incapable of stopping the looming, and then highly fatal and successful revolt.[10]
Social and economic malaise had been present in the Socialist Republic of Romania for quite some time, especially during the austerity years of the 1980s. The austerity measures were designed in part by Ceaușescu to repay the country's foreign debts.[11] Shortly after a botched public speech by Ceaușescu in the capital Bucharest that was broadcast to millions of Romanians on state television, rank-and-file members of the military switched, almost unanimously, from supporting the dictator to backing the protesters.[12] Riots, street violence and murder in several Romanian cities over the course of roughly a week led the Romanian leader to flee the capital city on 22 December with his wife, Elena. Evading capture by hastily departing via helicopter effectively portrayed the couple as both fugitives and also acutely guilty of accused crimes. Captured in Târgoviște, they were tried by a drumhead military tribunal on charges of genocide, damage to the national economy, and abuse of power to execute military actions against the Romanian people. They were convicted on all charges, sentenced to death, and immediately executed on Christmas Day 1989, and were the last people to be condemned to death and executed in Romania, as capital punishment was abolished soon after. For several days after Ceaușescu fled, many would be killed in the crossfire between civilians and armed forces personnel which believed the other to be Securitate ‘terrorists’. Although news reports at the time and media today will make reference to the Securitate fighting against the revolution, there has never been any evidence to support the claim of an organised effort against the revolution by the Securitate.[13] Hospitals in Bucharest were treating as many as thousands of civilians.[2] Following an ultimatum, many Securitate members turned themselves in on 29 December with the assurance they would not be tried.[1]
Present-day Romania has unfolded in the shadow of the Ceaușescus along with its Communist past, and its tumultuous departure from it.[14][15] After Ceaușescu was summarily executed, the National Salvation Front (FSN) quickly took power, promising free and fair elections within five months. Elected in a landslide the following May, the FSN reconstituted as a political party, installed a series of economic and democratic reforms,[16] with further social policy changes being implemented by later governments.[17][18]
- ^ a b Blaine Harden (30 December 1989). "DOORS UNLOCKED ON ROMANIA'S SECRET POLICE". The Washington Post.
- ^ a b DUSAN STOJANOVIC (25 December 1989). "More Scattered Fighting; 80,000 Reported Dead". AP.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
ReferenceAwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Valentin Marin (2010). "Martirii Revoluției în date statistice" (PDF). Caietele Revoluției (in Romanian). Bucharest: Editura Institutului Revoluției Române din Decembrie 1989. ISSN 1841-6683. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
- ^ Marius Ignătescu (21 March 2009). "Revoluția din 1989 și ultimele zile de comunism". Descoperă.org (in Romanian).
- ^ "Europe | Romania's bloody revolution". BBC. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
- ^ "Thirty years after Romanian revolution, questions remain". Politico. 25 December 2019.
- ^ Marvin Zonis, Dwight Semler, Wiley, Jul 24, 1992, The East European Opportunity: The Complete Business Guide and Sourcebook, p. 245
- ^ Daniel N. Nelson, East European Monographs, 1980, Democratic Centralism in Romania: A Study of Local Communist Politics, p. 12
- ^ Smith, Craig S. (12 December 2006). "Eastern Europe Struggles to Purge Security Services". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
- ^ Ban, Cornel (November 2012). "Sovereign Debt, Austerity, and Regime Change: The Case of Nicolae Ceausescu's Romania". East European Politics and Societies and Cultures. 26 (4): 743–776. doi:10.1177/0888325412465513. S2CID 144784730.
- ^ Hirshman, Michael (6 November 2009). "Blood And Velvet in Eastern Europe's Season of Change". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
- ^ Siani-Davies, Peter (1995). The Romanian Revolution of 1989: Myth and Reality. ProQuest LLC. pp. 80–120.
- ^ "25 Years After Death, A Dictator Still Casts A Shadow in Romania : Parallels". NPR. 24 December 2014. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
- ^ "Ceausescu's children". Romania Insider. Archived from the original on 15 May 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
- ^ "Romanians Hope Free Elections Mark Revolution's Next Stage – tribunedigital-chicagotribune". Chicago Tribune. 30 March 1990. Archived from the original on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
- ^ "National Salvation Front | political party, Romania". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 15 December 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
- ^ "Democratic transition in Romania" (PDF). Fride.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2015.