Programs by the Soviet Union to land humans on the Moon
Part of a series of articles on the
Soviet space program
Soviet crewed lunar programs
Luna program
Human spaceflight programs
Vostok
Voskhod
Soyuz
Salyut
Apollo–Soyuz (joint)
Mir
Zond (lunar Soyuz 7K-L1)
N1-L3 (Moon landing)
TMK (Mars flyby)
Spiral
Almaz / TKS
Energia / Buran
Space probes
Sputnik program
Kosmos
Bion
GLONASS
Molniya
Meteor
Zenit
Luna program
Zond program
Lunokhod program
Mars program
Phobos program
Marsnik program
Astron (spacecraft)
Orion 1 and Orion 2 Space Observatories
RELIKT-1
Venera
Vega program
Expendable launch vehicles
Kosmos-3M
Molniya-M
Proton
K
Soyuz
U
Zenit
2
Energia
Kosmos
1
2I
3
3M
N1
R-7
Luna
Molniya
Polyot
Soyuz
L
M
U2
Soyuz/Vostok
Sputnik
Voskhod
Vostok
L
K
2
2M
Tsyklon
2
3
Notable figures
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
Friedrich Zander
Mstislav Keldysh
Sergei Korolev
Laika
Yuri Gagarin
Alexander Kemurdzhian
Valentina Tereshkova
Alexei Leonov
Konstantin Feoktistov
Mikhail Tikhonravov
Mikhail Yangel
Valentin Glushko
Vladimir Chelomey
Kerim Kerimov
Vasily Mishin
Boris Chertok
Cosmonauts
List of Soviet and Russian cosmonauts
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The Soviet-crewed lunar programs were a series of programs pursued by the Soviet Union to land humans on the Moon, in competition with the United States Apollo program. The Soviet government publicly denied participating in such a competition, but secretly pursued two programs in the 1960s: crewed lunar flyby missions using Soyuz 7K-L1 (Zond) spacecraft launched with the Proton-K rocket, and a crewed lunar landing using Soyuz 7K-LOK and LK spacecraft launched with the N1 rocket. Following the dual American successes of the first crewed lunar orbit on 24–25 December 1968 (Apollo 8) and the first Moon landing on July 20, 1969 (Apollo 11), and a series of catastrophic N1 failures, both Soviet programs were eventually brought to an end. The Proton-based Zond program was canceled in 1970, and the N1-L3 program was de facto terminated in 1974 and officially canceled in 1976. Details of both Soviet programs were kept secret until 1990 when the government allowed them to be published under the policy of glasnost.
Soviet cosmonauts neither orbited nor landed on the Moon.
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