Somatic mutation and recombination tests information
Genotoxic assay in fruit fly
The somatic mutation and recombination tests (SMARTs) are in vivo genotoxicity tests performed in Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly).[1] These fruit fly tests are a short-term test and a non-mammalian approach for in vivo testing of putative genotoxins found in the environment. D. melanogaster has a short lifespan, which allows for fast reproductive cycles and high-throughput genotoxicity testing. D. melanogaster also has around 75% functional orthologs of human disease-related genes, making it an attractive in vivo model for human research.[2] The tests identify loss of heterozygosity for the specified genetic markers in heterozygous or trans-heterozygous adults using phenotypically observable genetic markers in adult tissues.[3][4] Although diverse events like point mutations/deletions, nondisjunction, and homologous mitotic recombination might theoretically cause this loss of heterozygosity, nondisjunction processes are generally not relevant for most of the examined chemicals.[5][6] SMARTs are two different tests that use the same genetic foundation, but target different adult tissues and are named accordingly: the wing-spot test[7] and the eye-spot test.[8]
^von Borstel, R. C. (1987). "Chemical Mutagens, Principles, and Methods for Their Detection, Volume 10, F.J. de Serres (ed.). New York: Plenum Press, 1986, 545 pp, $69.50". Environmental Mutagenesis. 9 (2): 229–231. doi:10.1002/em.2860090212.
^Pandey, Udai Bhan; Nichols, Charles D. (June 2011). Barker, Eric L. (ed.). "Human Disease Models in Drosophila melanogaster and the Role of the Fly in Therapeutic Drug Discovery". Pharmacological Reviews. 63 (2): 411–436. doi:10.1124/pr.110.003293. ISSN 0031-6997. PMC 3082451. PMID 21415126.
^Graf, U.; Würgler, F. E.; Katz, A. J.; Frei, H.; Juon, H.; Hall, C. B.; Kale, P. G. (1984). "Somatic mutation and recombination test inDrosophila melanogaster". Environmental Mutagenesis. 6 (2): 153–188. doi:10.1002/em.2860060206. PMID 6423380.
^Vogel, E.W.; Zijlstra, J.A. (October 1987). "Mechanistic and methodological aspects of chemically-induced somatic mutation and recombination in Drosophila melanogaster". Mutation Research/Environmental Mutagenesis and Related Subjects. 182 (5): 243–264. doi:10.1016/0165-1161(87)90010-0. PMID 3116423.
permanent mutations, and many organisms have mechanisms for eliminating otherwise-permanently mutated somatic cells.[citation needed] Beneficial mutations can...
with a gene having a somaticmutation giving rise to a frameshift mutation. The methods include providing a tissue or fluid sample and conducting gene analysis...
germline age-related mutated alleles is known as mutation accumulation. Note that somaticmutations are not heritable, they are only a source of developmental...
more deleterious mutations over time than beneficial or reversing mutations.[citation needed] Chromosomal crossover involves recombination between the paired...
process called homologous recombination, sexual organisms exchange DNA between two matching chromosomes. Recombinationand reassortment do not alter allele...
Rasnick D (October 2000). "Aneuploidy, the somaticmutation that makes cancer a species of its own". Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton. 47 (2): 81–107. doi:10...
G (2003). "Somatic NF1 mutation spectra in a family with neurofibromatosis type 1: Toward a theory of genetic modifiers". Human Mutation. 22 (6): 423–7...
processes of meiosis and mitosis. They allow for the recombinationand random segregation of genetic material from the mother and father into new cells...
The multiple sources of genetic variation include mutationand genetic recombination. Mutations are the ultimate sources of genetic variation, but other...
germline cells, that is 5 to 10-fold lower than the mutation frequency in somatic cells Thus low mutation frequency is a feature of germline cells in both...
introduced to the deleterious mutation does not have a recombination of alleles passed on by the parents. Instead, the exact copy and number of genes that were...
stretches of DNA nucleotides. In tobacco plant somatic cells, DNA double-strand break-induced recombination between ectopic homologous sequences appears...
"Germline andsomaticmutations in homologous recombination genes predict platinum response and survival in ovarian, fallopian tube, and peritoneal carcinomas"...
conversion resulting in mutation of the CYP21A2 gene is a common underlying genetic cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Somatic gene conversion is one...
utilize homologous recombination are the tools or techniques that are used to knock-in or knock-out the desired disease-causing mutation or SNP (single nucleotide...
combination is called V(D)J recombination discussed below. Somaticrecombination of immunoglobulins, also known as V(D)J recombination, involves the generation...
RH, German J (Jan 1989). "Evidence for increased in vivo mutationandsomaticrecombination in Bloom's syndrome". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 86 (2): 670–4...
since the somatic cells may contain mutations in their nuclear DNA. Additionally, the mitochondria in the cytoplasm also contains DNA and during SCNT...
be used to study functional consequences of mutations in vivo by enabling direct genome editing in somatic cells. By the classical genetics approach, a...
telomeres, accumulation of mutations, compromised stem cells, and ultimately, senescence. Although many models, both animal and human, have appeared to support...
Steele, E. J. (2016). "Somatic hypermutation in immunity and cancer: Critical analysis of strand-biased and codon-context mutation signatures". DNA Repair...
somatic cells. Because of their elevated DNA repair capability, spermatocytes likely play a central role in the maintenance of these lower mutation rates...
the first step in B cell stimulation for class switch recombination (CSR) andsomatic hyper mutation (SHM) resulting in the generation of various Ig isotypes...
repair, homologous recombination, and base excision repair. Mutations in the MSH2 gene are associated with microsatellite instability and some cancers, especially...
most cancer mutations represent somatic events, allow the identification of cancer-specific mutations. Cancer mutations are cumulative and sometimes are...
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