Skin disinfection is a process that involves the application of a disinfectant to reduce levels of microorganisms on the skin.[1] Disinfecting the skin of the patient and the hands of the healthcare providers are an important part of surgery.[1]
Skin disinfection may be accomplished with a number of solutions including providone-iodine, chlorhexidine, alcohol based solutions, and cetrimide.[2] There is strong evidence that chlorhexidine and denatured alcohol use to clean skin prior to surgery is better than any other commercially available antiseptic, such as povidone-iodine with alcohol.[3][4]
Its importance in health care was determined by Semmelweis in the 1840s.[5]
^ abKrettek, Christian; Aschemann, Dirk (2006). Positioning Techniques in Surgical Applications: Thorax and Heart Surgery - Vascular Surgery - Visceral and Transplantation Surgery - Urology - Surgery to the Spinal Cord and Extremities - Arthroscopy - Pediatric Surgery - Navigation/ISO-C 3D. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 10. ISBN 9783540309529.
^British national formulary : BNF 69 (69 ed.). British Medical Association. 2015. p. 839. ISBN 9780857111562.
^Wade, Ryckie G; Bourke, Gráinne; Wormald, Justin C R; Totty, Joshua Philip; Stanley, Guy Henry Morton; Lewandowski, Andrew; Rakhra, Sandeep Singh; Gardiner, Matthew D; Bindra, R; Sher, M; Thomas, M; Morgan, S D J; Hwang, B; Santucci, W; Tran, P; Kopp, L; Kunc, V; Hamdi, A; Grieve, P P; Mukhaizeem, S A; Blake, K; Cuggy, C; Dolan, R; Downes, E; Geary, E; Ghadge, A; Gorman, P; Jonson, M; Jumper, N; Kelly, S; Leddy, L; McMahon, M E; McNamee, C; Miller, P; Murphy, B; O'Halloran, L; O’Shea, K; Skeens, J; Staunton, S; Timon, F; Woods, J; Cortinovis, U; Sala, L; Zingarello, V; Jusoh, M H; Sadagatullah, A N; Georgieva, G; Pejkova, S; Nikolovska, B; Srbov, B; Hamid, H K S; Mustafa, M; Abdelrahman, M; Amin, S M M; Bhatti, D; Rahman, K M A; Jumabhoy, I; Kiely, J; Kieran, I; Lo, A C Q; Wong, K Y; Allan, A Y; Armes, H; Horwitz, M D; Ioannidi, L; Masterton, G; Chu, H; Talawadekar, G D; Tong, K S; Chan, M; Tredgett, M; Hardie, C; Powell-Smith, E; Gilham, N; Prokopenko, M; Ahmad, R; Davies, J; Zhen, S; Dargan, D; Pinder, R M; Koziara, M; Martin, R; Reay, E; Cochrane, E; Elbatawy, A; Green, F; Griffiths, T; Higginbotham, G; Louette, S; McCauley, G; Natalwala, I; Salt, E; Ahmed, R; Goon, P; Manton, R; Segaren, N; Cheung, G; Mahoney, R; Sen, S; Clarkson, D; Collins, M; Bolt, A; Lokanathan, P; Ng, A; Jones, G; Jones, J W M; Kabariti, R; Rhee, S J; Herron, J; Kay, A; Cheung, L K; Thomson, D; Jugdey, R S; Yoon, H; L, Z; Southgate, J; Brennan, C; Kiani, S; Zabaglo, M; Haider, Z A; Poulter, R; Sheik-Ali, A; Watts, A; Jemec, B; Redgrave, N; Dupley, L; Greenhalgh, M; Vella, J; Harris, H; Robinson, A V; Dupre, S; Teelucksingh, S; Gargan, A; Hettiaratchy, S; Jain, A; Kwasnicki, R; Lee, A; Thakkar, M; Berwick, D; Ismail, N; Mahdi, M; Rodrigues, J; Liew, C; Saadya, A; Clarkson, M; Brady, C; Harrison, R; Rayner, A; Nolan, G; Phillips, B; Madhusudan, N (9 November 2021). "Chlorhexidine versus povidone–iodine skin antisepsis before upper limb surgery (CIPHUR): an international multicentre prospective cohort study". BJS Open. 5 (6): zrab117. doi:10.1093/bjsopen/zrab117.
^Wade, Ryckie G.; Burr, Nicholas E.; McCauley, Gordon; Bourke, Grainne; Efthimiou, Orestis (December 2021). "The Comparative Efficacy of Chlorhexidine Gluconate and Povidone-iodine Antiseptics for the Prevention of Infection in Clean Surgery: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis". Annals of Surgery. 274 (6): e481–e488. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000004076.
^Maibach, H. I.; Aly, Raza (2012). Skin Microbiology: Relevance to Clinical Infection. Springer Science & Business Media. p. Part two. ISBN 9781461258681.
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classification into either high, intermediate or low levels of disinfection. "High-level disinfection kills all organisms, except high levels of bacterial spores"...
antiseptic with the molecular formula C22H30Cl2N10, which is used for skindisinfection before surgery and to sterilize surgical instruments. It is also used...
collectively laid the groundwork for modern UVGI as a disinfection tool. The utilization of UVGI for air disinfection began in earnest in the mid-1930s. William...
hexachlorophene, chlorocresol, and chloroxylenol. The latter is used for skindisinfection and cleaning surgical instruments. It is also used within a number...
an antiseptic and disinfectant, and for skindisinfection. Diluted with alcohol, it is suitable for disinfecting medical instruments. The use of chloroxylenol...
biotherapy involving the introduction of live, disinfected maggots (fly larvae) into non-healing skin and soft-tissue wounds of a human or other animal...
Staphylococcus epidermis colonize the skin surface. The density of skin flora depends on region of the skin. The disinfectedskin surface gets recolonized from...
rapidly, but may require testing to verify effective disinfection. Citations for large-area disinfection are for non-LED UV sources known as germicidal lamps...
internal organs. Human skin is similar to most of the other mammals' skin, and it is very similar to pig skin. Though nearly all human skin is covered with hair...
A germicidal lamp (also known as disinfection lamp or sterilizer lamp) is an electric light that produces ultraviolet C (UVC) light. This short-wave ultraviolet...
Topical steroid withdrawal, also known as red burning skin and steroid dermatitis, has been reported in people who apply topical steroids for 2 weeks or...
applications: hygienic hand rubbing and surgical hand disinfection. Alcohol based hand rubs provide a better skin tolerance as compared to antiseptic soap. Hand...
have a high affinity for vascular endothelial cells. Photodynamic skindisinfection is effective at killing topical microbes, including drug-resistant...
commonly used for disinfection of waste water in treatment plants. Sodium hypochlorite can also be used for point-of-use disinfection of drinking water...
electron microscopy. Silver nitrate produces long-lasting stain when applied to skin and is one of the ink’s ingredients. An electoral stain makes use of this...
as tinea and ringworm, is a fungal infection of the skin (a dermatomycosis), that may affect skin, hair, and nails. Typically it results in a red, itchy...
the Staphylococcus genus of bacteria. These bacteria commonly inhabit the skin and nose where they are innocuous, but may enter the body through cuts or...
system. The virus is believed to infect the host through the entrance of a skin wound. A number of types exist, including plantar warts, "filiform warts"...
Povidone-iodine Lugol's iodine Brilliant green (dye) Block SS (2001). Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation (5th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins...
ANA and AANA set guidelines for sterilization and disinfection based on the Spaulding Disinfection and Sterilization Classification Scheme (SDSCS). The...
field water disinfection techniques. Techniques include heat (including boiling), filtration, activated charcoal adsorption, chemical disinfection (e.g. chlorination...
(whitening) from fabric or fiber (in a process called bleaching) or to disinfect after cleaning. It often refers specifically to a dilute solution of sodium...
processes and products, including as an active ingredient in surgical disinfection. A comprehensive list of uses includes industrial applications. During...
abattoirs where skins and meat are removed for sale. Slaughter - Humane slaughter is carried out by the severing of the spinal cord. Disinfection - According...
baby during pregnancy. HPV is difficult to remove via standard hospital disinfection techniques, and may be transmitted in a healthcare setting on re-usable...
during minor incisions, catheterization, first aid, surface disinfection, and linen disinfection. PHMB eye drops have been used as a treatment for eyes affected...
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