This article is about the chemical element. For other uses, see Silver (disambiguation).
Chemical element, symbol Ag and atomic number 47
Silver, 47Ag
Silver
Appearance
lustrous white metal
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Ag)
107.8682±0.0002[1]
107.87±0.01 (abridged)[2]
Silver in the periodic table
Hydrogen
Helium
Lithium
Beryllium
Boron
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Fluorine
Neon
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminium
Silicon
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Chlorine
Argon
Potassium
Calcium
Scandium
Titanium
Vanadium
Chromium
Manganese
Iron
Cobalt
Nickel
Copper
Zinc
Gallium
Germanium
Arsenic
Selenium
Bromine
Krypton
Rubidium
Strontium
Yttrium
Zirconium
Niobium
Molybdenum
Technetium
Ruthenium
Rhodium
Palladium
Silver
Cadmium
Indium
Tin
Antimony
Tellurium
Iodine
Xenon
Caesium
Barium
Lanthanum
Cerium
Praseodymium
Neodymium
Promethium
Samarium
Europium
Gadolinium
Terbium
Dysprosium
Holmium
Erbium
Thulium
Ytterbium
Lutetium
Hafnium
Tantalum
Tungsten
Rhenium
Osmium
Iridium
Platinum
Gold
Mercury (element)
Thallium
Lead
Bismuth
Polonium
Astatine
Radon
Francium
Radium
Actinium
Thorium
Protactinium
Uranium
Neptunium
Plutonium
Americium
Curium
Berkelium
Californium
Einsteinium
Fermium
Mendelevium
Nobelium
Lawrencium
Rutherfordium
Dubnium
Seaborgium
Bohrium
Hassium
Meitnerium
Darmstadtium
Roentgenium
Copernicium
Nihonium
Flerovium
Moscovium
Livermorium
Tennessine
Oganesson
Cu ↑ Ag ↓ Au
palladium ← silver → cadmium
Atomic number (Z)
47
Group
group 11
Period
period 5
Block
d-block
Electron configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s1
Electrons per shell
2, 8, 18, 18, 1
Physical properties
Phase at STP
solid
Melting point
1234.93 K (961.78 °C, 1763.2 °F)
Boiling point
2435 K (2162 °C, 3924 °F)
Density (at 20° C)
10.503 g/cm3[3]
when liquid (at m.p.)
9.320 g/cm3
Heat of fusion
11.28 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporisation
254 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity
25.350 J/(mol·K)
Vapour pressure
P(Pa)
1
10
100
1 k
10 k
100 k
at T(K)
1283
1413
1575
1782
2055
2433
Atomic properties
Oxidation states
−2, −1, 0,[4]+1, +2, +3 (an amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity
Pauling scale: 1.93
Ionisation energies
1st: 731.0 kJ/mol
2nd: 2070 kJ/mol
3rd: 3361 kJ/mol
Atomic radius
empirical: 144 pm
Covalent radius
145±5 pm
Van der Waals radius
172 pm
Spectral lines of silver
Other properties
Natural occurrence
primordial
Crystal structure
face-centred cubic (fcc) (cF4)
Lattice constant
a = 408.60 pm (at 20 °C)[3]
Thermal expansion
18.92×10−6/K (at 20 °C)[3]
Thermal conductivity
429 W/(m⋅K)
Thermal diffusivity
174 mm2/s (at 300 K)
Electrical resistivity
15.87 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering
diamagnetic[5]
Molar magnetic susceptibility
−19.5×10−6 cm3/mol (296 K)[6]
Young's modulus
83 GPa
Shear modulus
30 GPa
Bulk modulus
100 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod
2680 m/s (at r.t.)
Poisson ratio
0.37
Mohs hardness
2.5
Vickers hardness
251 MPa
Brinell hardness
206–250 MPa
CAS Number
7440-22-4
History
Discovery
before 5000 BC
Symbol
"Ag": from Latin argentum
Isotopes of silver
v
e
Main isotopes[7]
Decay
abundance
half-life (t1/2)
mode
product
105Ag
synth
41.3 d
ε
105Pd
γ
–
106mAg
synth
8.28 d
ε
106Pd
γ
–
107Ag
51.8%
stable
108mAg
synth
439 y
ε
108Pd
IT
108Ag
γ
–
109Ag
48.2%
stable
110m2Ag
synth
249.86 d
β−
110Cd
γ
–
111Ag
synth
7.43 d
β−
111Cd
γ
–
Category: Silver
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Silver is a chemical element; it has symbol Ag (from Latin argentum 'silver', derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erǵ'shiny, white')) and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it exhibits the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity of any metal.[8] The metal is found in the Earth's crust in the pure, free elemental form ("native silver"), as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite. Most silver is produced as a byproduct of copper, gold, lead, and zinc refining.
Silver has long been valued as a precious metal. Silver metal is used in many bullion coins, sometimes alongside gold:[9] while it is more abundant than gold, it is much less abundant as a native metal.[10] Its purity is typically measured on a per-mille basis; a 94%-pure alloy is described as "0.940 fine". As one of the seven metals of antiquity, silver has had an enduring role in most human cultures.
Other than in currency and as an investment medium (coins and bullion), silver is used in solar panels, water filtration, jewellery, ornaments, high-value tableware and utensils (hence the term "silverware"), in electrical contacts and conductors, in specialized mirrors, window coatings, in catalysis of chemical reactions, as a colorant in stained glass, and in specialized confectionery. Its compounds are used in photographic and X-ray film. Dilute solutions of silver nitrate and other silver compounds are used as disinfectants and microbiocides (oligodynamic effect), added to bandages, wound-dressings, catheters, and other medical instruments.
^"Standard Atomic Weights: Silver". CIAAW. 1985.
^Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^ abcArblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
^Ag(0) has been observed in carbonyl complexes in low-temperature matrices: see McIntosh, D.; Ozin, G. A. (1976). "Synthesis using metal vapors. Silver carbonyls. Matrix infrared, ultraviolet-visible, and electron spin resonance spectra, structures, and bonding of silver tricarbonyl, silver dicarbonyl, silver monocarbonyl, and disilver hexacarbonyl". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98 (11): 3167–75. doi:10.1021/ja00427a018.
^Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics(PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
^Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
^Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^Poole, Charles P. Jr. (11 March 2004). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Condensed Matter Physics. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-054523-3.
^"Bullion vs. Numismatic Coins: Difference between Bullion and Numismatic Coins". providentmetals.com. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
^"'World has 5 times more gold than silver' | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis". dna. 3 March 2009. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
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