Global InformationHallucination information
| Hallucination | |
|---|---|
 | |
| My eyes at the moment of the apparitions by August Natterer, a German artist who created many drawings of his hallucinations | |
| Specialty | Psychiatry |
| Causes | Hypnagogia, Peduncular hallucinosis, Delirium tremens, Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia, Charles Bonnet syndrome, Hallucinogen, Sensory deprivation, Anomalous experiences, Non-celiac gluten sensitivity[1] |
| Treatment | Cognitive behavioral therapy[2] and metacognitive training[3] |
| Medication | Antipsychotic, AAP |
A hallucination is a perception in the absence of an external stimulus that has the compelling sense of reality.[4] Hallucinations are vivid, substantial, and are perceived to be located in external objective space. Hallucination is a combination of two conscious states of brain wakefulness and REM sleep.[5] They are distinguishable from several related phenomena, such as dreaming (REM sleep), which does not involve wakefulness; pseudohallucination, which does not mimic real perception, and is accurately perceived as unreal; illusion, which involves distorted or misinterpreted real perception; and mental imagery, which does not mimic real perception, and is under voluntary control.[6] Hallucinations also differ from "delusional perceptions", in which a correctly sensed and interpreted stimulus (i.e., a real perception) is given some additional significance.[citation needed]
Hallucinations can occur in any sensory modality—visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, proprioceptive, equilibrioceptive, nociceptive, thermoceptive and chronoceptive. Hallucinations are referred to as multimodal if multiple sensory modalities occur.[7][8]
A mild form of hallucination is known as a disturbance, and can occur in most of the senses above. These may be things like seeing movement in peripheral vision, or hearing faint noises or voices. Auditory hallucinations are very common in schizophrenia. They may be benevolent (telling the subject good things about themselves) or malicious, cursing the subject. 55% of auditory hallucinations are malicious in content,[9] for example, people talking about the subject, not speaking to them directly. Like auditory hallucinations, the source of the visual counterpart can also be behind the subject. This can produce a feeling of being looked or stared at, usually with malicious intent.[citation needed] Frequently, auditory hallucinations and their visual counterpart are experienced by the subject together.[10]
Hypnagogic hallucinations and hypnopompic hallucinations are considered normal phenomena. Hypnagogic hallucinations can occur as one is falling asleep and hypnopompic hallucinations occur when one is waking up. Hallucinations can be associated with drug use (particularly deliriants), sleep deprivation, psychosis, neurological disorders, and delirium tremens. Many hallucinations happen also during sleep paralysis.[11]
The word "hallucination" itself was introduced into the English language by the 17th-century physician Sir Thomas Browne in 1646 from the derivation of the Latin word alucinari meaning to wander in the mind. For Browne, hallucination means a sort of vision that is "depraved and receive[s] its objects erroneously".[12]
- ^ Patterson C, Procter N (2023-05-24). "Hallucinations in the movies tend to be about chaos, violence and mental distress. But they can be positive too". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 2023-05-28. Retrieved 2023-05-28.
- ^ Turner DT, Burger S, Smit F, Valmaggia LR, van der Gaag M (March 2020). "What Constitutes Sufficient Evidence for Case Formulation-Driven CBT for Psychosis? Cumulative Meta-analysis of the Effect on Hallucinations and Delusions". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 46 (5): 1072–1085. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaa045. PMC 7505201. PMID 32221536.
- ^ Penney D, Sauvé G, Mendelson D, Thibaudeau É, Moritz S, Lepage M (March 2022). "Immediate and Sustained Outcomes and Moderators Associated With Metacognitive Training for Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". JAMA Psychiatry. 79 (5): 417–429. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.0277. PMC 8943641. PMID 35320347.
- ^ El-Mallakh RS, Walker KL (2010). "Hallucinations, Psuedohallucinations, and Parahallucinations". Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes. 73 (1). Retrieved 8 May 2024.
- ^ Purves D, Augustine G, Fitzpatrick D, Hall WC, LaMantia A, Mooney R, et al. (2018). Neuroscience (Sixth ed.). New York Oxford: Oxford University Press, Sinauer Associates is an imprint of Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-1-60535-380-7.
- ^ Chiu LP (1989). "Differential diagnosis and management of hallucinations" (PDF). Journal of the Hong Kong Medical Association. t 41 (3): 292–7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-02-24. Retrieved 2014-05-29.
- ^ Montagnese M, Leptourgos P, Fernyhough C, Waters F, Larøi F, Jardri R, et al. (January 2021). "A Review of Multimodal Hallucinations: Categorization, Assessment, Theoretical Perspectives, and Clinical Recommendations". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 47 (1): 237–248. doi:10.31219/osf.io/zebxv. PMC 7825001. PMID 32772114. S2CID 243338891.
- ^ Dudley R, Aynsworth C, Cheetham R, McCarthy-Jones S, Collerton D (November 2018). "Prevalence and characteristics of multi-modal hallucinations in people with psychosis who experience visual hallucinations". Psychiatry Research. 269: 25–30. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.032. PMID 30145297. S2CID 52092886.
- ^ Waters F (30 December 2014). "Auditory Hallucinations in Adult Populations". Psychiatric Times. Vol 31 No 12. 31 (12). Archived from the original on 2022-06-07. Retrieved 2021-02-01.
- ^ Waters F, Collerton D, Ffytche DH, Jardri R, Pins D, Dudley R, et al. (July 2014). "Visual hallucinations in the psychosis spectrum and comparative information from neurodegenerative disorders and eye disease". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 40 (4): S233–S245. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu036. PMC 4141306. PMID 24936084.
- ^ Jalal B (November 2018). "The neuropharmacology of sleep paralysis hallucinations: serotonin 2A activation and a novel therapeutic drug". Psychopharmacology. 235 (11): 3083–3091. doi:10.1007/s00213-018-5042-1. PMC 6208952. PMID 30288594.
- ^ Browne T (1646). "XVIII: That Moles are blinde and have no eyes". Pseudodoxia Epidemica. Vol. III.