North Korean offensive (25 June – 15 September 1950)
Pokpung
Chuncheon
1st Seoul
Gorangpo
Kaesong–Munsan
Ongjin
Uijeongbu
Suwon Airfield
Air Campaign
Andong
Chumonchin Chan
Osan
Pyongtaek
Chonan
Chochiwon
Taejon
Sangju
Yongdong
Hwanggan
Hadong
Notch
Pusan Perimeter
Masan
P'ohang-dong
Taegu
1st Naktong Bulge
Bowling Alley
Battle Mountain
Kyongju
Haman
Nam River
Ka-san
Tabu-dong
Yongsan
2nd Naktong Bulge
United Nations Command counteroffensive (15 September – 30 October 1950)
Inchon
Pusan Perimeter offensive
2nd Seoul
UN September 1950 counteroffensive
Hill 282
UN offensive into North Korea
Sariwon
Pyongyang
Yongyu
Kujin
Chongju
Sunchon tunnel
Chinese Intervention (25 October 1950 – January 1951)
Onjong
Unsan
Pakchon
Second Phase Offensive
Ch'ongch'on River
Wawon
Chosin Reservoir
Task Force Faith
UN retreat from North Korea
Hungnam evacuation
3rd Seoul
Uijeongbu
1st and 2nd Wonju
Pohang
Fighting around the 38th parallel (January – June 1951)
Happy Valley
Thunderbolt
Twin Tunnels
Roundup
Hoengsong
Chipyong-ni
3rd Wonju
Chuam-ni
Wonsan
Killer
4th Seoul (Operation Ripper)
Maehwa-san
Courageous
Tomahawk
Rugged
Dauntless
Spring offensive
Imjin River
Yultong
Hwacheon
Kapyong
Soyang River
UN May–June 1951 counteroffensive
Stalemate (July 1951 – 27 July 1953)
Bloody Ridge
Minden
Punchbowl
Heartbreak Ridge
Commando
1st Maryang-san
Haktang-ni
Polecharge
2nd Maryang-san
Rat Killer
Hill Eerie
Old Baldy
Blaze
Bunker Hill
Outpost Kelly
White Horse Hill
Arrowhead Hill
Triangle Hill
Jackson Heights
Noris
1st Hook
2nd Hook
Chatkol
Outpost Vegas
Pork Chop Hill
Little Switch
Nevada Complex
3rd Hook
Outpost Harry
Kumsong
Berlin Outposts and Boulder City
Samichon River
Korean Armistice Agreement
Big Switch
Panmunjom Declaration
Air operations (1950 – 1953)
Air Campaign
MiG Alley
Sunchon
Strangle
Sui-ho Dam
Bombing of North Korea 1950–1953
Naval operations (1950 – 1953)
Naval engagements of the Korean War
For further information, see also: Korean War (template)
The Second Phase Offensive (25 November – 24 December 1950) or Second Phase Campaign (Chinese: 第二次战役; pinyin: Dìèr Cì Zhànyì) of the Korean War was an offensive by the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA) against United Nations Command (U.S./UN) forces, most of which were soldiers of South Korea and the United States.[2]: 23–24 The two major engagements of the campaign were the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River in the western part of North Korea and the Battle of Chosin Reservoir in the eastern part of North Korea.
Casualties were heavy on both sides. The battles were fought in temperatures as low as −30 °C (−22 °F)[6] and casualties from frostbite may have exceeded those from battle wounds. On 23 December 1950 Lieutenant General Walton Walker died in a vehicle accident in Seoul while in command of the U.S. 8th Army. He was the highest ranked U.S. military service member killed in the Korean War.
U.S. intelligence and air reconnaissance failed to detect the large numbers of Chinese soldiers present in North Korea. Thus, the UN units, the Eighth United States Army on the west and the X Corps on the east, kicked off the "Home-by-Christmas" offensive on 24 November with "unwarranted confidence...believing that they comfortably outnumbered enemy forces."[2]: 60 The Chinese attacks came as a surprise. The Home-by-Christmas offensive, with the objective of conquering all of North Korea and ending the war, was quickly abandoned in light of the massive Chinese assault.
The Second Phase Offensive forced all UN forces to go on the defensive and retreat. China had recaptured nearly all of North Korea by the end of the offensive.
^ abcLi, Xiaobing (2014). China's Battle for Korea: The 1951 Spring Offensive. Indiana University Press. p. 45.
^ abcMossman, Billy (1990). Ebb and Flow: November 1950–July 1951. Center of Military History, United States Army. pp. 54–55. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^Appleman, Roy (1992). South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu. Center of Military History, U.S. Army. p. 770. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Some authorities estimate Chinese forces as high as 390,000 men, See Li, 46, but the attrition during their long march southward to the battlefield probably depleted their numbers and 300,000 or slightly more seems the most likely estimate.
^Ecker, Richard E. (2005). Korean Battle Chronology: Unit-by-unit United States Casualty Figures and Medal of Honor Citations. McFarland & Company. p. 62 ISBN 978-0786419807.
^Xue, Yan (徐焰) (1990). 第一次较量:抗美援朝战争的历史回顾与反思 [First Confrontation: Reviews and Reflections on the History of War to Resist America and Aid Korea] (in Chinese (China)). Chinese Radio and Television Publishing House. pp. 59–60.
^Battle of Chosin Reservoir Archived 2022-01-06 at the Wayback Machine. Estimates of the lowest temperature encountered vary.
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