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Second Congo War
Part of the Congo conflicts and the aftermath of the Rwandan genocide
From top to bottom:
Rape victims who have been successfully reintegrated into their communities assemble in a “peace hut” near Walungu, South Kivu
The Second Congo War,[a] also known as Africa's World War[9] or the Great War of Africa or the Great African War, began in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in August 1998, little more than a year after the First Congo War, and involved some of the same issues.
Eventually involving belligerents from across the African continent, the war officially ended in July 2003 when the Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo took power. Although a peace agreement was signed in 2002, violence has continued in many regions of the country, especially in the east.[10] Hostilities have continued since in the ongoing Lord's Resistance Army insurgency, and the Kivu and Ituri conflicts. Nine African countries and around twenty-five armed groups became involved in the war.[11]
In 2008, the International Rescue Committee estimated that the war and its aftermath had caused 5.4 million deaths, principally through disease and malnutrition,[12] making the Second Congo War the deadliest conflict worldwide since World War II,[13] though this number has come under scrutiny, with some researchers saying that many of the deaths would have occurred without the conflict.[14] Another 2 million were displaced from their homes or sought asylum in neighboring countries.[10] Conflict minerals were a major source of funding for the war, and for subsequent fighting.[15][16]
^ abcPrunier, Gérard (2009). Africa's World War: Congo, The Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe. Oxford University Press. p. 306. ISBN 978-0199754205.
^"Africa's great war". The Economist. 4 July 2002. Archived from the original on 5 February 2007. Retrieved 7 February 2007.
^Prunier, Gérard (2009). Africa's World War: Congo, The Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe. Oxford University Press. p. 290. ISBN 978-0199754205.
^"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^Coghlan B; Brennan RJ; Ngoy P; et al. (January 2006). "Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a nationwide survey" (PDF). Lancet. 367 (9504): 44–51. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)67923-3. PMID 16399152. S2CID 2400082. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
^[Staff] (20100120) "DR Congo war deaths 'exaggerated'" Archived 21 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine BBC News
^International Rescue Committee ([undated]) Congo Crisis Archived 29 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine International Rescue Committee
^Les Roberts & others (2001) Mortality in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: Results from Eleven Mortality Surveys (PDF) Archived 27 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine (Report) International Rescue Committee
^Prunier, Gerard (2014). Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe. Barnes & Noble. ISBN 9780195374209. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
^ abSoderlund, Walter C.; DonaldBriggs, E.; PierreNajem, Tom; Roberts, Blake C. (1 January 2013). Africa's Deadliest Conflict: Media Coverage of the Humanitarian Disaster in the Congo and the United Nations Response, 1997–2008. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 9781554588787. Archived from the original on 23 February 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
^Bowers, Chris (24 July 2006). "World War Three". My Direct Democracy. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008.
^"Congo war-driven crisis kills 45,000 a month-study". Reuters. 22 January 2008. Archived from the original on 14 April 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
^Bavier, Joe (22 January 2007). "Congo war-driven crisis kills 45,000 a month: study". Reuters. Archived from the original on 21 February 2009. Retrieved 22 January 2007.
^Cite error: The named reference :20 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^"Children of the Congo who risk their lives to supply our mobile phones". The Guardian. 7 December 2012. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
^Rayner, Gordon (27 September 2011). "Is your mobile phone helping fund war in Congo?". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
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