Scarlet fever, also known as scarlatina, is an infectious disease caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, a Group A streptococcus (GAS).[3] It most commonly affects children between five and 15 years of age.[1] The signs and symptoms include a sore throat, fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes, and a characteristic rash.[1] The face is flushed and the rash is red and blanching.[5] It typically feels like sandpaper and the tongue may be red and bumpy.[1] The rash occurs as a result of capillary damage by exotoxins produced by S.pyogenes.[6] On darker-pigmented skin the rash may be hard to discern.[7]
Scarlet fever develops in a small number of people who have strep throat or streptococcal skin infections.[1] The bacteria are usually spread by people coughing or sneezing.[1] It can also be spread when a person touches an object that has the bacteria on it and then touches their mouth or nose.[1] The diagnosis is typically confirmed by culturing swabs of the throat.[1]
There is no vaccine for scarlet fever.[1] Prevention is by frequent handwashing, not sharing personal items, and staying away from other people when sick.[1] The disease is treatable with antibiotics, which reduce symptoms and spread, and prevent most complications.[1] Outcomes with scarlet fever are typically good if treated.[1] Long-term complications as a result of scarlet fever include kidney disease, rheumatic fever, and arthritis.[1]
In the early 20th century it was a leading cause of death in children, but even before the Second World War and the introduction of antibiotics, its severity was already declining, perhaps due to better living conditions, the introduction of better control measures, or a decline in the virulence of the bacteria.[8][9] In recent years, there have been signs of antibiotic resistance; there was an outbreak in Hong Kong in 2011 and in the UK in 2014, and occurrence of the disease rose by 68% in the UK between 2014 and 2018. Research published in October 2020 showed that infection of the bacterium by three viruses has led to more virulent strains of the bacterium.[10]
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrst"Scarlet Fever: All You Need to Know". Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 31 October 2022. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
^Shorter Oxford English dictionary. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 2007. p. 3804. ISBN 978-0199206872.
^ ab"Scarlet Fever: Information For Clinicians | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 19 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
^Cite error: The named reference Pardo2022 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Michaels, Marian `G.; Williams, John V. (2023). "13. Infectious diseases". In Zitelli, Basil J.; McIntire, Sara C.; Nowalk, Andrew J.; Garrison, Jessica (eds.). Zitelli and Davis' Atlas of Pediatric Physical Diagnosis (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 468–471. ISBN 978-0-323-77788-9.
^Stevens, Dennis L.; Bryant, Amy E. (2022). "21. Life-threatening skin and soft tissue infections". In Jong, Elaine C.; Stevens, Dennis L. (eds.). Netter's Infectious Diseases (2nd ed.). Elsevier. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-323-71159-3.
^"Scarlet fever: symptoms, diagnosis and treatment". GOV.UK. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
^Smallman-Raynor, Matthew (2012). Atlas of epidemic Britain: a twentieth century picture. Oxford University Press. p. 48. ISBN 9780199572922. Archived from the original on 14 February 2017.
^Welte, Alex; Williams, Brian; Hitchcock, Gavin (2017). "5.18. Mathematical models of transmission and control of infectious agents". In Detels, Roger; Gulliford, Martin; Karim, Quarraisha Abdool; Tan, Chorh Chuan (eds.). Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health. Vol. 1 (6th ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 648–650. ISBN 978-0-19-871930-4.
^Cite error: The named reference abcvirus was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Scarletfever, also known as scarlatina, is an infectious disease caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, a Group A streptococcus (GAS). It most commonly affects...
long-standing epidemic threats such as smallpox, typhus, yellow fever, and scarletfever. In addition, cholera emerged as an epidemic threat and spread...
may also occur. Some develop a sandpaper-like rash which is known as scarletfever. Symptoms typically begin one to three days after exposure and last...
measles (first), scarletfever (second), rubella (third), Dukes' disease (fourth, but is no longer widely accepted as distinct from scarletfever), and erythema...
measles (first), scarletfever (second), rubella (third), Dukes' disease (fourth, but is no longer widely accepted as distinct from scarletfever), and roseola...
Brooke agrees to wait. While Marmee is in Washington, Beth contracts scarletfever after spending time with a poor family where three children die. As...
poisoning Pregnancy Repeated scratching on a particular spot Lyme disease Scarletfever COVID-19 (see Symptoms of COVID-19 § Other) The causes of a rash are...
father's 29th birthday. At age 14, Ingalls suffered an illness – allegedly scarletfever – thought at the time to cause her blindness. A 2013 medical study concluded...
Scarletfever serum was used beginning in November 1900 after its development in the Sero-Therapeutic Laboratory of Rudolph Hospital in Vienna, Austria...
many other conditions that may present similar features, including scarletfever and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. An emerging 'Kawasaki-like' disease...
Look up Scarlet, Scarlett, or scarlet in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Scarlet may refer to: Scarlet (cloth), a type of woollen cloth common in medieval...
September 1903 (letter 54), in which he showed concern that she had scarletfever. His asking "As what is the child registered?" adding "We must take...
Eyre. The marriage lasted until his death in 2001. Scarlet Rivera (Warner Bros., 1977) ScarletFever (Warner Bros., 1978) Celtic Dreams (Bci/Eclipse Music...
rash is common in several diseases and medical conditions, including scarletfever, measles, Ebola virus disease, rubella, HIV, secondary syphilis (Congenital...
Military Order of Maria Theresa. His first wife Agathe Whitehead died of scarletfever in 1922, leaving behind seven children. Trapp hired Maria Augusta Kutschera...
Desquamation of skin on hands, caused by scarletfever infection Desquamation of skin on fingertips, caused by scarletfever Desquamation of skin on the finger...
schoolteacher at the abbey. His wife, Agathe Whitehead, had died in 1922 from scarletfever. Eventually, Maria began to look after the other children (Rupert, Agathe...
enanthem seen as tiny red spots on the soft palate in rubella, measles and scarletfever. They sometimes precede the skin rash of rubella. The spots may be present...
Spotted Fever, About.com. Accessed 2012-05-28. Roseola Infantum at eMedicine Dermatologic Manifestations of Rubella at eMedicine ScarletFever at eMedicine...
tragedy of childbed fever, Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 8. Basetti S, Hodgson J, Rawson TM, Majeed A (2017-08-11). "Scarletfever: a guide for general...
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