Sand smuggling is the cross-border environmental crime[1] of illegal transportation of often illegally extracted natural sand and gravel.[2] While sand smuggling and illegal mining are global concerns, they are especially acute in Asia, where continuing urbanization and the region’s large construction boom are driving the increasing demand for sand.[3] The consequences of excessive sand mining and smuggling, which are strongly connected, range from environmental degradation to geopolitical tension.[4]
Unauthorized sand mining at the Tatai River in the Koh Kong Conservation Corridor,Cambodia 2012
Illegal sand smuggling and extraction, despite the importance of the resource, remain under-researched and for the most part hidden threats because they often occur in isolated places.[5] The issue is rarely addressed in scientific research and policy forums. Instead, it is the media and non-governmental organizations that are at the forefront of exposing environmental crimes and actions of corruption in the sand industry.[6]
^Elliot, Lorraine (2007). "Transnational environmental crime in the Asia Pacific: an 'un(der)securitized' security problem?". The Pacific Review. 20 (4): 499–522. doi:10.1080/09512740701671995. hdl:1885/35290. S2CID 154318424.
^Henderson, Barney (2010-02-12). "Singapore accused of launching 'Sand Wars'". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
^Larson, Christina (2018). "Asia's hunger for sand takes toll on ecology". Science. 359 (6379): 964–965. Bibcode:2018Sci...359..964L. doi:10.1126/science.359.6379.964. PMID 29496849.
^Albrecht-Saavedra, Jutta; Lippelt, Jana (2015). "Kurz zum Klima: Zerinnt uns der Sand zwischen den Fingern?". Ifo Schnelldienst. 68 (21): 34–36.
^Tweedie, Neil (2018-07-01). "Is the world running out of sand? The truth behind stolen beaches and dredged islands". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
^Torres, Aurora; Liu, Jianguo "Jack"; Brandt, Jodi; Lear, Kristen (2017). "The world is facing a global sand crisis". The Conversation. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
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