69–600 (mostly women and children) killed[2][3][4]
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Colorado War
Hungate massacre (June 11, 1864)
Sand Creek massacre (November 29, 1864)
Battle of Julesburg (January 7, 1865)
American Ranch massacre (January 14, 1865)
Raid on Godfrey Ranch (January 15–16, 1865)
Battle of Mud Springs ( February 4–6, 1865)
Battle of Rush Creek (February 8–9, 1865)
Battle of Platte Bridge (July 26, 1865)
Battle of Red Buttes (about July 26, 1865)
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Sand Creek Campaign
Sand Creek
The Sand Creek massacre (also known as the Chivington massacre, the battle of Sand Creek or the massacre of Cheyenne Indians) was a massacre of Cheyenne and Arapaho people by the U.S. Army in the American Indian Wars that occurred on November 29, 1864, when a 675-man force of the Third Colorado Cavalry[5] under the command of U.S. Volunteers Colonel John Chivington attacked and destroyed a village of Cheyenne and Arapaho people in southeastern Colorado Territory,[6] killing and mutilating an estimated 69 to over 600 Native American people. Chivington claimed 500 to 600 warriors were killed. However, most sources estimate around 150 people were killed, about two-thirds of whom were women and children.[4][2][7][3] The location has been designated the Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site and is administered by the National Park Service. The massacre is considered part of a series of events known as the Colorado Wars.
^Gwynne, S.C., Empire of the Summer Moon: Quanah Parker and the Rise and Fall of the Comanches, the Most Powerful Indian Tribe in American History, Scribner, New York, 2010, p.220 ISBN 978-1-4165-9105-4
^ abcMichno, Battle at Sand Creek, p. 241
^ abRajtar, Steve, Indian War Sites: A Guidebook to Battlefields, Monuments, and Memorials, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina, 1999 p. 51
^ abReilly, H.J. (2011). Bound to have blood: Frontier newspapers and the Plains Indian wars. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press p. 21
^"CONDITION OF THE INDIAN TRIBES, REPORT OF THE JOINT SPECIAL COMMITTEE, APPOINTED UNDER JOINT RESOLUTION OF MARCH 3, 1865". Senate of the United States. Archived from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^Smiley, B. "Sand Creek Massacre" Archived November 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Archeology magazine. Archaeological Institute of America. Retrieved February 8, 2010.
^Pauls, Elizabeth Prine. "Native American". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from the original on June 17, 2015. Retrieved November 30, 2019.
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