after Ruthenia, the 19th-century Latin name for Russia[b]
Discovery and first isolation
Karl Ernst Claus (1844)
Isotopes of ruthenium
v
e
Main isotopes[8]
Decay
abundance
half-life (t1/2)
mode
product
96Ru
5.54%
stable
97Ru
synth
2.9 d
ε
97Tc
γ
–
98Ru
1.87%
stable
99Ru
12.8%
stable
100Ru
12.6%
stable
101Ru
17.1%
stable
102Ru
31.6%
stable
103Ru
synth
39.26 d
β−
103Rh
γ
–
104Ru
18.6%
stable
106Ru
synth
373.59 d
β−
106Rh
Category: Ruthenium
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Ruthenium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ru and atomic number 44. It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table. Like the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is unreactive to most other chemicals. Karl Ernst Claus, a Russian-born scientist of Baltic-German ancestry, discovered the element in 1844 at Kazan State University and named ruthenium in honor of Russia.[b] Ruthenium is usually found as a minor component of platinum ores; the annual production has risen from about 19 tonnes in 2009[9] to some 35.5 tonnes in 2017.[10] Most ruthenium produced is used in wear-resistant electrical contacts and thick-film resistors. A minor application for ruthenium is in platinum alloys and as a chemistry catalyst. A new application of ruthenium is as the capping layer for extreme ultraviolet photomasks. Ruthenium is generally found in ores with the other platinum group metals in the Ural Mountains and in North and South America. Small but commercially important quantities are also found in pentlandite extracted from Sudbury, Ontario, and in pyroxenite deposits in South Africa.[11]
^Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^ abcdArblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
^"Ruthenium: ruthenium(I) fluoride compound data". OpenMOPAC.net. Retrieved 10 December 2007.
^ abHaynes, p. 4.130
^Matthey, Johnson. "The Discovery of Ruthenium". Johnson Matthey Technology Review. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
^Pitchkov, V. N. (1996). "The Discovery of Ruthenium". Platinum Metals Review. 40 (4): 181–188.
^Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^Summary. Ruthenium. platinum.matthey.com, p. 9 (2009)
^PGM Market Report. platinum.matthey.com, p. 30 (May 2018)
^Haynes (2016), p. 4.31.
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Ruthenium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ru and atomic number 44. It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic...
Naturally occurring ruthenium (44Ru) is composed of seven stable isotopes (of which two may in the future be found radioactive). Additionally, 27 radioactive...
Ruthenium oxide may refer to either of the following: Ruthenium(IV) oxide, RuO2 Ruthenium(VIII) oxide, RuO4 This set index article lists chemical compounds...
Ruthenium(IV) tetrachloride is volatile inorganic compound of ruthenium and chlorine with the formula RuCl4. Synthesis of ruthenium(IV) tetrachloride...
Ruthenium tetroxide is the inorganic compound with the formula RuO4. It is a yellow volatile solid that melts near room temperature. It has the odor of...
the ruthenium particles, the ruthenium precursor and the amount of ruthenium used. The reinforcing effect of the basic carrier used in the ruthenium catalyst...
several ruthenium chlorides: Ruthenium(II) chloride, a brown salt Ruthenium(III) chloride, a black salt and the most common ruthenium chloride Ruthenium tetrachloride...
nuclear reactors or particle accelerators to produce these elements. Ruthenium and rhodium are precious metals produced as a small percentage of the...
Ruthenium pentafluoride is the inorganic compound with the empirical formula RuF5. This green volatile solid has rarely been studied but is of interest...
Ruthenium pentacarbonyl is the organoruthenium compound with the formula Ru(CO)5. It is a colorless, light-sensitive liquid that readily decarbonylates...
Ruthenium compounds are compounds containing the element ruthenium (Ru). Ruthenium compounds can have oxidation states ranging from 0 to +8, and −2. The...
Ruthenium hexafluoride, also ruthenium(VI) fluoride (RuF6), is a compound of ruthenium and fluorine and one of the seventeen known binary hexafluorides...
ammoniated ruthenium oxychloride, also known as ruthenium red, is used in histology to stain aldehyde fixed mucopolysaccharides. Ruthenium red (RR) has...
of chemical elements in the periodic table. It consists of iron (Fe), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os) and hassium (Hs). "Group 8" is the modern standard designation...
and neutron capture: Similar investigations into the isotopic ratios of ruthenium at Oklo found a much higher 99 Ru concentration than otherwise naturally...
and ruthenium(IV) oxide at temperatures below 1200 °C, or from the thermal decomposition of Ba[Ru(NO)(NO2)4(OH)]·xH2O. It reacts with ruthenium and ruthenium(IV)...
was primarily known as a chemist and discoverer of the chemical element ruthenium, which he named after his homeland of Russia, but also as one of the first...
estimated at 20 kJ/mol Ru3(CO)12 is prepared by treating solutions of ruthenium trichloride with carbon monoxide in the presence of a base. Dichlororuthenium...
although its heavier congeners ruthenium and osmium can, with ruthenium having more difficulty than osmium. Ruthenium exhibits an aqueous cationic chemistry...
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