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Rhodium information


Rhodium, 45Rh
Rhodium
Pronunciation/ˈrdiəm/ (ROH-dee-əm)
Appearancesilvery white metallic
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Rh)
  • 102.90549±0.00002[1]
  • 102.91±0.01 (abridged)[2]
Rhodium in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
Co

Rh

Ir
ruthenium ← rhodium → palladium
Atomic number (Z)45
Groupgroup 9
Periodperiod 5
Block  d-block
Electron configuration[Kr] 4d8 5s1
Electrons per shell2, 8, 18, 16, 1
Physical properties
Phase at STPsolid
Melting point2237 K ​(1964 °C, ​3567 °F)
Boiling point3968 K ​(3695 °C, ​6683 °F)
Density (at 20° C)12.423 g/cm3[3]
when liquid (at m.p.)10.7 g/cm3
Heat of fusion26.59 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization493 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity24.98 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 2288 2496 2749 3063 3405 3997
Atomic properties
Oxidation states−3[4], −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7[5] (an amphoteric oxide)
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 2.28
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 719.7 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1740 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 2997 kJ/mol
Atomic radiusempirical: 134 pm
Covalent radius142±7 pm
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines of rhodium
Other properties
Natural occurrenceprimordial
Crystal structure ​face-centered cubic (fcc) (cF4)
Lattice constant
Face-centered cubic crystal structure for rhodium
a = 380.34 pm (at 20 °C)[3]
Thermal expansion8.46×10−6/K (at 20 °C)[3]
Thermal conductivity150 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity43.3 nΩ⋅m (at 0 °C)
Magnetic orderingparamagnetic[6]
Molar magnetic susceptibility+111.0×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)[7]
Young's modulus380 GPa
Shear modulus150 GPa
Bulk modulus275 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod4700 m/s (at 20 °C)
Poisson ratio0.26
Mohs hardness6.0
Vickers hardness1100–8000 MPa
Brinell hardness980–1350 MPa
CAS Number7440-16-6
History
Discovery and first isolationWilliam Hyde Wollaston (1804)
Isotopes of rhodium
Main isotopes[8] Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
99Rh synth 16.1 d β+ 99Ru
101Rh synth 4.07 y ε 101Ru
101mRh synth 4.343 d ε 101Ru
IT 101Rh
102Rh synth 207 d β+ 102Ru
β 102Pd
102mRh synth 3.742 y β+ 102Ru
IT 102Rh
103Rh 100% stable
105Rh synth 35.341 h β 105Pd
Rhodium Category: Rhodium
| references

Rhodium is a chemical element; it has symbol Rh and atomic number 45. It is a very rare, silvery-white, hard, corrosion-resistant transition metal. It is a noble metal and a member of the platinum group. It has only one naturally occurring isotope, which is 103Rh. Naturally occurring rhodium is usually found as a free metal or as an alloy with similar metals and rarely as a chemical compound in minerals such as bowieite and rhodplumsite. It is one of the rarest and most valuable precious metals.

Rhodium is found in platinum or nickel ores with the other members of the platinum group metals. It was discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston in one such ore, and named for the rose color of one of its chlorine compounds.

The element's major use (consuming about 80% of world rhodium production) is as one of the catalysts in the three-way catalytic converters in automobiles. Because rhodium metal is inert against corrosion and most aggressive chemicals, and because of its rarity, rhodium is usually alloyed with platinum or palladium and applied in high-temperature and corrosion-resistive coatings. White gold is often plated with a thin rhodium layer to improve its appearance, while sterling silver is often rhodium-plated to resist tarnishing. Rhodium is sometimes used to cure silicones: a two-part silicone in which one part containing a silicon hydride and the other containing a vinyl-terminated silicone are mixed; one of these liquids contains a rhodium complex.[9]

Rhodium detectors are used in nuclear reactors to measure the neutron flux level. Other uses of rhodium include asymmetric hydrogenation used to form drug precursors and the processes for the production of acetic acid.

  1. ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Rhodium". CIAAW. 2017.
  2. ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
  3. ^ a b c Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
  4. ^ Ellis J E. Highly Reduced Metal Carbonyl Anions: Synthesis, Characterization, and Chemical Properties. Adv. Organomet. Chem, 1990, 31: 1-51.
  5. ^ Rh(VII) is known in the RhO3+ cation, see Da Silva Santos, Mayara; Stüker, Tony; Flach, Max; Ablyasova, Olesya S.; Timm, Martin; von Issendorff, Bernd; Hirsch, Konstantin; Zamudio‐Bayer, Vicente; Riedel, Sebastian; Lau, J. Tobias (2022). "The Highest Oxidation State of Rhodium: Rhodium(VII) in [RhO3]+". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61 (38): e202207688. doi:10.1002/anie.202207688. PMC 9544489. PMID 35818987.
  6. ^ Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
  7. ^ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
  8. ^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
  9. ^ Armin Fehn and Juergen Weidinger, Wacker Chemie AG, US patent US7129309B2

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Rhodium

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Rhodium is a chemical element; it has symbol Rh and atomic number 45. It is a very rare, silvery-white, hard, corrosion-resistant transition metal. It...

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Isotopes of rhodium

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Naturally occurring rhodium (45Rh) is composed of only one stable isotope, 103Rh. The most stable radioisotopes are 101Rh with a half-life of 3.3 years...

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Group 9 element

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d-block of the periodic table. Members of Group 9 include cobalt (Co), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir) and meitnerium (Mt).[page needed] These elements are...

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Synthesis of precious metals

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reactors or particle accelerators to produce these elements. Ruthenium and rhodium are precious metals produced as a small percentage of the fission products...

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Rhodium fluoride

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Rhodium fluoride may refer to: Rhodium(III) fluoride (Rhodium trifluoride), RhF3 Rhodium(IV) fluoride (Rhodium tetrafluoride), RhF4 Rhodium(V) fluoride...

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Hydrogenation

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can be transferred to the chemisorbed substrate. Platinum, palladium, rhodium, and ruthenium form highly active catalysts, which operate at lower temperatures...

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Organorhodium chemistry

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of organometallic compounds containing a rhodium-carbon chemical bond, and the study of rhodium and rhodium compounds as catalysts in organic reactions...

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Rhodium Nights

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Rhodium oxide

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Rhodium oxide can refer to: Rhodium(III) oxide, Rh2O3 Rhodium(IV) oxide, RhO2 This set index article lists chemical compounds articles associated with...

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Hydroformylation

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1968, highly active rhodium-based catalysts were reported. Since the 1970s, most hydroformylation relies on catalysts based on rhodium. Water-soluble catalysts...

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Platinum group

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and 10, periods 5 and 6). The six platinum-group metals are ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum. They have similar physical and...

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Rhodium hexafluoride

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Rhodium hexafluoride, also rhodium(VI) fluoride, (RhF6) is the inorganic compound of rhodium and fluorine. A black volatile solid, it is a highly reactive...

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Mel Pervais

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for the asphalt industry and platinum, palladium and rhodium compounds to sell to refiners. Rhodium 2001's extraction process is notable for being environmentally...

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Lignum rhodium

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Lignum rhodium is a common name for several plants and may refer to: Amyris balsamifera Convolvulus floridus Convolvulus scoparius Rhodiola rosea - all...

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Precious metal

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coinage. Other precious metals include the platinum group metals: ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum, of which platinum is the most...

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Palladium

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goddess Athena, acquired by her when she slew Pallas. Palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium and osmium form a group of elements referred to as...

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Rhodium trifluoride

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Rhodium(III) fluoride or rhodium trifluoride is the inorganic compound with the formula RhF3. It is a red-brown, diamagnetic solid. The compound is prepared...

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Rhodium pentafluoride

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Rhodium pentafluoride is an inorganic compound with the formula Rh4F20. It is a red solid. It is prepared by fluorination of rhodium trifluoride at 400 °C...

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Butyraldehyde

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by cobalt carbonyl and later rhodium complexes of triphenylphosphine. The dominant technology involves the use of rhodium catalysts derived from the water-soluble...

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Konica Hexar

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samples of this unit supported additional features, as noted above. A Hexar Rhodium finish (metallic pinkish in color) was available as an alternative to the...

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Thermocouple

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and a negative calibration drift caused by Rhodium diffusion to pure platinum leg as well as from Rhodium volatilization. This type has the same uses...

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Osmium

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ruthenium, rhodium, and iridium can be separated from platinum, gold, and base metals by their insolubility in aqua regia, leaving a solid residue. Rhodium can...

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Plating

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it is not to prevent migration of silver through rhodium, but to prevent contamination of the rhodium bath with silver and copper, which slightly dissolve...

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