The tall-stilt mangrove (Rhizophora apiculata) belongs to the Plantae kingdom under the Rhizophoraceae family. R. apiculata is distributed throughout Australia (Queensland and Northern Territory), Guam, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Micronesia, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Singapore, the Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, the Maldives, Thailand, Vanuatu, and Vietnam. Rhizophora apiculata is called ‘bakhaw lalaki,’ in the Philippines, "Thakafathi ތަކަފަތި" in the Maldives, 'Đước' in Vietnam, Garjan in India, as well as other vernacular names.
R. apiculata has a C4 plant morphology that best adapts the plant for high temperature and low water climates, enabling the plant to thrive in tropical environments due to the diffuse CO2 whilst limiting the amount of water transpired out of the leaves.[2]
It is located exclusively in the mangrove ecosystem due to an affinity to wet, muddy and silty sediments. Due to the high salt concentrations of the soils in these environments, it has mechanisms (ultrafiltration) in place to reduce the likely impacts associated with increased salt in plant physiology (drying plant material down causing increased evapotranspiration). Rhizophora apiculata and R. mucronata are used to make charcoal in the charcoal kilns of Kuala Sepetang in Perak, Malaysia. Rhizophora apiculata is used within mangrove plantation specifically for wood, and charcoal production in many parts of Thailand; Yeesarn village of Smaut Songkram Province for instance.[3]
There are a variety of alternative uses for R. apiculata including medically (to inhibit fungal infections), and commercially to reinforce nets, ropes and fishing lines, transform into charcoal or trade for income.
^Duke, N.; Kathiresan, K.; Salmo III, S.G.; Fernando, E.S.; Peras, J.R.; Sukardjo, S.; Miyagi, T. (2010). "Rhizophora apiculata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T31382A9623321. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T31382A9623321.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
^Ehleringer, James; Björkman, Olle (1 January 1977). "Quantum Yields for CO2 Uptake in C3 and C4 Plants: Dependence on Temperature, CO2, and O2 Concentration". Plant Physiology. 59 (1): 86–90. doi:10.1104/pp.59.1.86. ISSN 0032-0889. PMC 542335. PMID 16659794.
^Hassan; et al. (2018). "Management Practices and Aboveground Biomass Production Patterns of Rhizophora apiculata Plantation: Study from a Mangrove Area in Samut Songkram Province, Thailand". BioResources. 13 (4): 7826–7850. doi:10.15376/biores.13.4.7826-7850.
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