Retjenu (rṯnw; Reṯenu, Retenu), later known as Khor, was the Ancient Egyptian name for the wider Syrian region, where the Semitic-speaking Canaanites lived.[2] Retjenu was located between the region north of the Sinai Desert and south of the Taurus Mountains in southern Anatolia.[2] The term Retjenu was used to refer to this geographical area since the Middle Kingdom.[3] The geographical area of Retjenu were defined during the New Kingdom and considered to have been a collection of small states ruled by princes.[3] The boundaries of the area considered Retjenu shifted throughout time due to military, political, and economic factors.[4] Retjenu was divided into two geographical regions. Djahy the southernmost region covered the area between Askalon and Mount Lebanon stretching inland to the Sea of Galilee.[2] Amurru the northern region stretched between the Lebanon and Taurus Mountains.[2] During Thutmose III's military campaigns in West Asia the area of Djahy was referred to as Upper Retjenu and generally covered the area of Canaan.[3] Lower Retjenu was used to refer to the area of Amurru but also incorporated the cities located along Phoenician coast.[3]
The Egyptian term "Aamu", translated as "Asiatic", was used to refer to the people originating from the Levant.[5] In the Twelfth Dynasty text Story of Sinuhe, "Aamu" is applied about the people of Retjenu.[5] The term "Western Asiatic" has been used to refer to the people of Retjenu but can be used to generally refer to the lands now located in modern Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, the Red Sea, and the Caucasus.[6]
^Faulkner, Ramond O. Middle Egyptian. p. 154. Griffith Institute, Oxford, 1962.
^ abcdSteindorff, George; Seele, Keith C. (2014) [1942]. "VI. Western Asia in the middle of the second millennium B.C.". When Egypt Ruled the East (revised ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 47. ISBN 0-226-22855-X Retrieved 17 February 2024.
^ abcdVassiliev, Alexandre (2020-01-01). "Upper Retenu and Lower Retenu". Pp. 159-167 in C. Graves (Ed.), BEC 4: Proceedings of the Fourth British Egyptology Congress University of Manchester, 7-9 September 2018. London: EES.
^Martin, Geoffrey T. (1998). "The Toponym Retjenu on a Scarab from Tell el-Dabʿa". Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant. 8: 109–112. ISSN 1015-5104. JSTOR 23786957.
^ abKamrin, Janice (2009). "The Aamu of Shu in the Tomb of Khnumhotep II at Beni Hassan". Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections. 1 (3): 22–36. ISSN 1944-2815.
^Saretta, Phyllis (2016-01-28). Asiatics in Middle Kingdom Egypt: Perceptions and Reality. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4725-0214-8.
Retjenu (rṯnw; Reṯenu, Retenu), later known as Khor, was the Ancient Egyptian name for the wider Syrian region, where the Semitic-speaking Canaanites...
according to Robert Drews, Speiser's proposal has generally been abandoned. Retjenu (Anglicised 'Retenu') was the usual ancient Egyptian name for Canaan and...
Over recorded history, there have been many names of the Levant, a large area in the Near East, or its constituent parts. These names have applied to a...
with long hairstyles and calf-length fringed robes, are labeled Chiefs of Retjenu, the ancient name tor the Syrian region. Like the Nubians, they come with...
years immigration increased the size of the city. Scarabs with the name "Retjenu" have been found in Avaris, also dating to the 12th Dynasty (1991-1802...
Mushabian Natufian Harifian Yarmukian Lodian Nizzanim Ghassulian Canaan Retjenu Habiru Shasu Late Bronze Age collapse Ancient Israel and Judah Second Temple...
III submitting the "Shasu" Bedouins of northern Canaan, and the land of Retjenu, as far as Syria and Mittani in numerous military campaigns circa 1450...
of the Theban Seventeenth Dynasty, refers to Apepi as a "Chieftain of Retjenu" in a stela that implies a Levantine background for this Hyksos king. According...
campaign. This text records tribute from the area which the Egyptians called Retjenu (roughly equivalent to Canaan) and it was also at this time that Assyria...
last king of the Seventeenth Dynasty, refers to Apepi as a "Chieftain of Retjenu" in a stela that implies a Canaanite background for this Hyksos king. Neb-khepesh-Re...
Mushabian Natufian Harifian Yarmukian Lodian Nizzanim Ghassulian Canaan Retjenu Habiru Shasu Late Bronze Age collapse Ancient Israel and Judah Second Temple...
Kharu) is the second, later name used by ancient Egyptians after using Retjenu in designating the wider Syrian region, where the Semitic-speaking Canaanites...
Mushabian Natufian Harifian Yarmukian Lodian Nizzanim Ghassulian Canaan Retjenu Habiru Shasu Late Bronze Age collapse Ancient Israel and Judah Second Temple...
Mushabian Natufian Harifian Yarmukian Lodian Nizzanim Ghassulian Canaan Retjenu Habiru Shasu Late Bronze Age collapse Ancient Israel and Judah Second Temple...
wearing their side locks, took part in this conquest. He took towns in Retjenu, and Tunip in Naharin, later recorded on the walls of the Ramesseum. This...
Mushabian Natufian Harifian Yarmukian Lodian Nizzanim Ghassulian Canaan Retjenu Habiru Shasu Late Bronze Age collapse Ancient Israel and Judah Second Temple...
Mushabian Natufian Harifian Yarmukian Lodian Nizzanim Ghassulian Canaan Retjenu Habiru Shasu Late Bronze Age collapse Ancient Israel and Judah Second Temple...
Tjahi (Egyptian: ḏhj, ḏꜣhy) was the Egyptian designation for southern Retjenu. It ran from approximately Ashkelon in Israel to Lebanon and inland as...
during his 14th campaign, the pharaoh fought the Shasu before reaching the Retjenu. Shasu are therefore found in southern Canaan. According to the Pharaoh's...
Mushabian Natufian Harifian Yarmukian Lodian Nizzanim Ghassulian Canaan Retjenu Habiru Shasu Late Bronze Age collapse Ancient Israel and Judah Second Temple...
have visited Egypt during the second millennium BCE, such as the Aamu or Retjenu. David Rohl proposed to identify Abraham with the Aamu, well known in Egyptian...
Mushabian Natufian Harifian Yarmukian Lodian Nizzanim Ghassulian Canaan Retjenu Habiru Shasu Late Bronze Age collapse Ancient Israel and Judah Second Temple...
referred to Apophis, one of the kings of the dynasty, as "Chieftain of Retjenu (i.e. Caanan)". The kings of the Fifteenth Dynasty formed "the second Asiatic...
in the tomb of Rekhmire, circa 1450 BCE. They are labeled "Chiefs of Retjenu". Amarna art is named for the extensive archeological site at Tel el-Amarna...
Mushabian Natufian Harifian Yarmukian Lodian Nizzanim Ghassulian Canaan Retjenu Habiru Shasu Late Bronze Age collapse Ancient Israel and Judah Second Temple...
Mushabian Natufian Harifian Yarmukian Lodian Nizzanim Ghassulian Canaan Retjenu Habiru Shasu Late Bronze Age collapse Ancient Israel and Judah Second Temple...
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