Client state of the Parthian Empire (40–37 BCE)[1][2]
Capital
Jerusalem
Common languages
Old Aramaic (official),[3]
Koine Greek (official)
Biblical Hebrew (liturgical)
Religion
Second Temple Judaism
Government
Semi-constitutional theocratic monarchy
Prince, later Basileus
• 140–134 BCE
Simon Thassi
• 134 (110)–104 BCE
John Hyrcanus
• 104–103 BCE
Aristobulus I
• 103–76 BCE
Alexander Jannaeus
• 76–67 BCE
Salome Alexandra
• 67–66 BCE
Hyrcanus II
• 66–63 BCE
Aristobulus II
• 63–40 BCE
Hyrcanus II
• 40–37 BCE
Antigonus
Legislature
Early Sanhedrin
Historical era
Hellenistic Age
• Maccabean Revolt
167 BCE
• Dynasty established
140 BCE
• Full independence
110 BCE
• Pompey intervenes in Hasmonean civil war
63 BCE
• Parthian invasion
40 BCE
• Herod overthrows the Hasmoneans
37 BCE
Currency
Hasmonean coinage
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Coele-Syria
Herodian kingdom
Today part of
Israel
Palestine
Jordan
Syria
Egypt
The Hasmonean dynasty[4] (/hæzməˈniːən/; Hebrew: חַשְׁמוֹנָאִיםḤašmōnāʾīm; Greek: Ασμοναϊκή δυναστεία) was a ruling dynasty of Judea and surrounding regions during the Hellenistic times of the Second Temple period (part of classical antiquity), from c. 140 BCE to 37 BCE. Between c. 140 and c. 116 BCE the dynasty ruled Judea semi-autonomously in the Seleucid Empire, and from roughly 110 BCE, with the empire disintegrating, Judea gained further autonomy and expanded into the neighboring regions of Perea, Samaria, Idumea, Galilee, and Iturea. The Hasmonean rulers took the Greek title basileus ("king") as the kingdom became a regional power for several decades. Forces of the Roman Republic intervened in the Hasmonean Civil War in 63 BCE and made it into a client state, marking the decline of Hasmonean dynasty; Herod the Great displaced the last reigning Hasmonean client-ruler in 37 BCE.
Simon Thassi established the dynasty in 141 BCE, two decades after his brother Judas Maccabeus (יהודה המכביYehudah HaMakabi) had defeated the Seleucid army during the Maccabean Revolt of 167 to 141 BCE. According to 1 Maccabees, 2 Maccabees, and the first book of The Jewish War by historian Josephus (37 – c. 100 CE),[5] the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes (r. 175–164) moved to assert strict control over the Seleucid satrapy of Coele Syria and Phoenicia[6] after his successful invasion of Ptolemaic Egypt (170–168 BCE) was turned back by the intervention of the Roman Republic.[7][8] He sacked Jerusalem and its Temple, suppressing Jewish and Samaritan religious and cultural observances,[6][9]
and imposed Hellenistic practices (c. 168–167 BCE).[9] The steady collapse of the Seleucid Empire under attacks from the rising powers of the Roman Republic and the Parthian Empire allowed Judea to regain some autonomy; however, in 63 BCE, the kingdom was invaded by the Roman Republic, broken up and set up as a Roman client state.
Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II, Simon's great-grandsons, became pawns in a proxy war between Julius Caesar and Pompey. The deaths of Pompey (48 BCE) and Caesar (44 BCE), and the related Roman civil wars, temporarily relaxed Rome's grip on the Hasmonean kingdom, allowing a brief reassertion of autonomy backed by the Parthian Empire, rapidly crushed by the Romans under Mark Antony and Augustus.
The Hasmonean dynasty had survived for 103 years before yielding to the Herodian dynasty in 37 BCE. The installation of Herod the Great (an Idumean) as king in 37 BCE made Judea a Roman client state and marked the end of the Hasmonean dynasty. Even then, Herod tried to bolster the legitimacy of his reign by marrying a Hasmonean princess, Mariamne, and planning to drown the last male Hasmonean heir at his Jericho palace. In 6 CE, Rome joined Judea proper, Samaria and Idumea into the Roman province of Judaea. In 44 CE, Rome installed the rule of a procurator side by side with the rule of the Herodian kings (specifically Agrippa I 41–44 and Agrippa II 50–100).
^Neusner 1983, p. 911.
^Vermes 2014, p. 36.
^Muraoka 1992.
^From Late Latin Asmonaei from Ancient Greek: Ἀσαμωναῖοι (Asamōnaioi).
^Louis H. Feldman, Steve Mason (1999). Flavius Josephus. Brill Academic Publishers.
^ ab"Maccabean Revolt". obo.
^Schäfer (2003), pp. 36–40.
^"Livy's History of Rome". Archived from the original on 19 August 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2007.
^ ab
Kasher, Aryeh (1990). "2: The Early Hasmonean Era". Jews and Hellenistic cities in Eretz-Israel: Relations of the Jews in Eretz-Israel with the Hellenistic cities during the Second Temple Period (332 BCE – 70 CE). Texte und Studien zum Antiken Judentum. Vol. 21. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 55–65. ISBN 978-3-16-145241-3.
The Hasmoneandynasty (/hæzməˈniːən/; Hebrew: חַשְׁמוֹנָאִים Ḥašmōnāʾīm; Greek: Ασμοναϊκή δυναστεία) was a ruling dynasty of Judea and surrounding regions...
successor states and classical period kingdoms ruled by the Hasmoneandynasty and Herodian dynasty, are as follows: The Hebrew Bible describes a succession...
which at the time was part of the Seleucid Empire. They founded the Hasmoneandynasty, which ruled from 167 to 37 BCE, being a fully independent kingdom...
The Herodian dynasty began with Herod the Great, who assumed the throne of Judea, with Roman support, bringing down the century-old Hasmonean Kingdom. His...
of Pontus, Pompey (Pompey the Great) sacked Jerusalem in 63 BCE. The Hasmonean Queen, Salome Alexandra, had recently died and her sons, Hyrcanus II and...
Temple and its surroundings were made during the Hasmonean rule. Salome Alexandra, the queen of the Hasmonean Kingdom appointed her elder son Hyrcanus II as...
Judaism generally disapproved of the rule of the Hasmoneandynasty, but the book is openly pro-Hasmonean, one of several factors for a lack of enthusiasm...
under the Hasmoneandynasty (140–37 BCE). While it initially exercised governance semi-autonomously under Seleucid hegemony, the Hasmoneans' kingdom increasingly...
the priestly Hasmoneandynasty in 152 BCE, thus establishing priests as political as well as religious authorities. Although the Hasmoneans were considered...
Priest) Jason (High Priest) (175 to 171 BCE) The Maccabees founded the Hasmoneandynasty, which ruled from 168 BCE – 37 BCE, reasserting the Jewish religion...
grandson of Aristobulus II and Hyrcanus II, 36 BCE (He was the last of the Hasmoneans; brother of Herod's second wife Mariamne I) Ananelus (restored), 36–30...
aristocratic woman who was descended from the royal and formerly ruling Hasmoneandynasty. Josephus's paternal grandparents were a man also named Josephus and...
talents. The book also acts as Hasmoneandynasty propaganda in its editorial slant on events. The new rule of the Hasmoneans was not without its own internal...
involvement. This conflict resulted in the loss of Jewish independence. The HasmoneanDynasty had been established after the Maccabean Revolt and had gained independence...
independent Jewish kingdom known as the Hasmonean kingdom, which lasted from 141 BCE to 63 BCE. The HasmoneanDynasty eventually disintegrated due to a civil...
יַנַּאי Yannaʾy; born Jonathan יהונתן) was the second king of the Hasmoneandynasty, who ruled over an expanding kingdom of Judaea from 103 to 76 BCE...
during the Hellenistic period. However, with the establishment of the Hasmoneandynasty, the local Jewish population maintained independence for a century...
Kingdom of Judah, c. 930–587/586 BCE[page needed] Hasmoneandynasty, c. 140–37 BCE Herodian dynasty, 47 BCE–100 CE Judean provisional government, 66–68...
independence under the Hasmoneans has been discussed at length. Schwartz writes that "the period of truly independent rule by the Hasmoneandynasty was very brief...
Empire and paved the way for the emergence of the rule of the local Hasmoneandynasty. Following the 63 BCE Siege of Jerusalem by Pompey the Great, the...
Jewish High Priest and King of Judea, 66 BCE to 63 BCE, from the Hasmoneandynasty. Aristobulus was the younger son of Alexander Jannaeus, King and High...
and the short-lived reemergence of the Hasmoneandynasty came to an end. From 37 BCE to 6 CE, the Herodian dynasty, Jewish-Roman client kings, ruled Judea...
factors as contributing to the collapse of the Dynasty of Akkade as well. he suggested that the Dynasty was 'overextended,' and resurrected Speiser's argument...
Lester L. (2007-04-28). Ahab Agonistes: The Rise and Fall of the Omri Dynasty. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0-567-25171-8. The Tel Dan inscription generated...
Revolt against the Seleucid Empire. Following the establishment of the Hasmoneandynasty, traditional Judaism was reasserted by the Maccabees across the Land...
story of the Maccabees and to Mattathias by name. Jewish leadership Hasmoneandynasty "Mahlon H. Smith". Virtualreligion.net. Retrieved 2014-02-07. "Web...
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