A relatively static membrane potential which is usually referred to as the ground value for trans-membrane voltage.
The Na+ /K+ -ATPase, as well as effects of diffusion of the involved ions, are major mechanisms to maintain the resting potential across the membranes of animal cells.
The relatively static membrane potential of quiescent cells is called the resting membrane potential (or resting voltage), as opposed to the specific dynamic electrochemical phenomena called action potential and graded membrane potential.
Apart from the latter two, which occur in excitable cells (neurons, muscles, and some secretory cells in glands), membrane voltage in the majority of non-excitable cells can also undergo changes in response to environmental or intracellular stimuli. The resting potential exists due to the differences in membrane permeabilities for potassium, sodium, calcium, and chloride ions, which in turn result from functional activity of various ion channels, ion transporters, and exchangers. Conventionally, resting membrane potential can be defined as a relatively stable, ground value of transmembrane voltage in animal and plant cells.
Because the membrane permeability for potassium is much higher than that for other ions, and because of the strong chemical gradient for potassium, potassium ions flow from the cytosol out to the extracellular space carrying out positive charge, until their movement is balanced by build-up of negative charge on the inner surface of the membrane. Again, because of the high relative permeability for potassium, the resulting membrane potential is almost always close to the potassium reversal potential. But in order for this process to occur, a concentration gradient of potassium ions must first be set up. This work is done by the ion pumps/transporters and/or exchangers and generally is powered by ATP.
In the case of the resting membrane potential across an animal cell's plasma membrane, potassium (and sodium) gradients are established by the Na+/K+-ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) which transports 2 potassium ions inside and 3 sodium ions outside at the cost of 1 ATP molecule. In other cases, for example, a membrane potential may be established by acidification of the inside of a membranous compartment (such as the proton pump that generates membrane potential across synaptic vesicle membranes).[citation needed]
called the resting membrane potential (or resting voltage), as opposed to the specific dynamic electrochemical phenomena called action potential and graded...
when the membrane potential is near the (negative) restingpotential of the cell, but they rapidly begin to open if the membrane potential increases to a...
of most cells. When a cell is at rest, the cell maintains what is known as a restingpotential. The restingpotential generated by nearly all cells results...
threshold potential is a membrane potential value between –50 and –55 mV, but can vary based upon several factors. A neuron's resting membrane potential (–70...
membrane potential back to the resting membrane potential. The efflux of potassium (K+) ions results in the falling phase of an action potential. The ions...
The resting membrane potential (Vrest) of uterine smooth muscle has been recorded to be between -35 and -80 mV. As with the resting membrane potential of...
Consequently, a potential difference occurs between the electrodes. Assuming that the restingpotential is constant, the recorded potential is a measure...
is permeable to more than one ion, as is inevitably the case, the restingpotential can be determined from the Goldman equation, which is a solution of...
are the Nernst Equation and the Goldman Equation. Neurons have a restingpotential of about −70 mV. If the opening of the ion channel results in a net...
more negative) of the action potential in the atria and ventricles. Similar to skeletal muscle, the resting membrane potential (voltage when the cell is...
Cl−, such as GABAA and glycine receptors, have reversal potentials close to the restingpotential (approximately –70 mV) in neurons. This line of reasoning...
cardioplegic solutions decreases the membrane restingpotential of cardiac cells. The normal restingpotential of ventricular myocytes is about -90 mV. When...
In physics, potential energy is the energy held by an object because of its position relative to other objects, stresses within itself, its electric charge...
Endogenous electric currents and fields, ion fluxes, and differences in restingpotential across tissues comprise a signalling system. It functions along with...
becomes more negative than the resting membrane potential, and this is called hyperpolarisation. To generate an action potential, the postsynaptic membrane...
Goldman equation, is used in cell membrane physiology to determine the Restingpotential across a cell's membrane, taking into account all of the ions that...
membrane potential prevents Cl- from entering the cell, even when its concentration is much higher outside than inside. The restingpotential for Cl- in...
one side and a negative charge on another side, which produces the restingpotential in living cells. Whether or not a membrane is polarized is determined...
from the autonomic nervous system to fire action potentials. In all other cells, the restingpotential (-60mV to -70mV) is caused by a continuous outflow...
reversal potential is identical to or even more negative than the restingpotential. Shunting inhibition was discovered by Fatt and Katz in 1953. Shunting...
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