In linguistics, reduplication is a morphological process in which the root or stem of a word (or part of it) or even the whole word is repeated exactly or with a slight change.
The classic observation on the semantics of reduplication is Edward Sapir's: "generally employed, with self-evident symbolism, to indicate such concepts as distribution, plurality, repetition, customary activity, increase of size, added intensity, continuance."[1] Reduplication is used in inflections to convey a grammatical function, such as plurality, intensification, etc., and in lexical derivation to create new words. It is often used when a speaker adopts a tone more "expressive" or figurative than ordinary speech and is also often, but not exclusively, iconic in meaning. Reduplication is found in a wide range of languages and language groups, though its level of linguistic productivity varies. Examples of it can be found at least as far back as Sumerian, where it was used in forming some color terms, e.g. babbar "white", kukku "black".[2]
Reduplication is the standard term for this phenomenon in the linguistics literature. Other terms that are occasionally used include cloning, doubling, duplication, repetition, and tautonym when it is used in biological taxonomies, such as Bison bison.
^p. 76. Sapir, Edward. 1921. Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company.
^p. 31, Michalowski, Piotr. 2004. "Sumerian" in The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World’s Ancient Languages, edited by Roger D. Woodard, 19-59. Cambridge University Press.
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reported by Benson and colleagues. Benson not only described striking reduplication syndromes in his patients, but also attempted to explain the phenomena...
[page needed] Reduplication is a major feature of Kosraean. Lee (1975), states that there are two types of reduplication: complete reduplication, when an entire...
Reduplication in Russian is used to intensify meaning in different ways. Reduplication is also observable in borrowed words, such as "пинг-понг" ([pʲɪnkˈponk];...
perfect do not reduplicate, whereas a handful of irregular aorists reduplicate.) The three types of reduplication are: Syllabic reduplication: Most verbs...
to leave out reduplication, which means that the phenomenon is more widespread in older generations. Ungrammaticality in reduplication of afaa 'to start...
reduplication of nouns can convey the same meaning, but this formation is not as productive as full reduplication. More often, partial reduplication is...
Multiple types of reduplication are used when forming words in Kankanaey. Unaffixed or affixed roots may experience reduplication, and have their first...
Contrastive focus reduplication, also called contrastive reduplication, identical constituent compounding, lexical cloning, or the double construction...
total reduplication (or full reduplication). The repetition of a segment is referred to as partial reduplication. Reduplication can serve both derivational...
reduplication in Malay, namely Full reduplication (kata ganda penuh (Malaysian) or kata ulang utuh (Indonesian) or dwilingga) Partial reduplication (kata...
use reduplication. They use both whole stem and partial reduplications “as initial or medial consonant doubling and initial or final reduplication,” An...
various modes, including realis and irrealis; 4. two tense-modes; 5. reduplication. The object of a sentence is encoded by a suffix. Examples of verbal...
Partial reduplication involves copying only certain segments of the word base. Partial reduplication typically involves the affixation of non-reduplicated segments...
has many words that are reduplicated. There are three type of reduplication in Kove. The first one which is full reduplication. The examples for this type...
"low vowel - high vowel" in their reduplicatives, e.g. Turkish çak-çuk. Here the words are formed by a reduplication of a base and an alternation of the...
object (reef). There are many forms of reduplication in Mokilese. The most common reduplication form is a reduplication of the first CVC of a word. poadok...
Malay differ from Indonesian as shown in the table below. Reduplication is frequent. Reduplication can express several things such as: variety, similarity...
partial and full reduplication. The fully reduplicated form is generated by the full repetition of the base form, while partial reduplication is generated...
two types of reduplication in Nukuoro: phoneme reduplication, which doubles the first sound to make a geminate, and full reduplication, which copies...
and (less so) noun reduplication (Boswell 2018). Different types of reduplications are possible in Cheke Holo: Full reduplication /vra/ 'jump up' > /vravra/...
The Takuu language also uses reduplication in their language. It mostly shows within their verbs. They use reduplication as a repeated action marker....
of reduplication is the internal reduplication used to express the diminutive. In this case the consonant before a stressed vowel is reduplicated after...
same verb yet differ in form. Reduplication is frequently used in Niuean morphology to derive different nouns. Reduplication is the process of taking the...
A Greek grammar for colleges. § 494: reduplication. Smyth. A Greek grammar for colleges. §§ 549.1: reduplication in 2nd aorist. Heinz Fãhnrich, "Old Georgian"...
of reduplication: Ca-reduplication, full reduplication, and rightward reduplication (which is sometimes considered to be a form of full reduplication)....
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