Redlining information

Redlining is a discriminatory practice in which financial services are withheld from neighborhoods that have significant numbers of racial and ethnic minorities.^[2] Redlining has been most prominent in the United States, and has mostly been directed against African-Americans. The most common examples involve denial of credit and insurance, denial of healthcare, and the development of food deserts in minority neighborhoods.^[3]^[4]

Reverse redlining occurs when a lender or insurer targets majority-minority neighborhood residents with inflated interest rates by taking advantage of the lack of lending competition relative to non-redlined neighborhoods.^[5]^[6] The effect also emerges when service providers artificially restrict the supply of real estate available for loanable funds to nonwhites, thus providing alternative pretext for higher rates. Neighborhoods which were targeted for blockbusting were also subject to reverse redlining.^[7]

In the 1960s, sociologist John McKnight originally coined the term to describe the discriminatory practice in the United States, Chicago, of banks classifying certain neighborhoods as "hazardous," or not worthy of investment due to the racial makeup of their residents.^[8] In the 1980s, a Pulitzer Prize-winning series of articles^[9] by investigative reporter Bill Dedman demonstrated how Atlanta banks would often lend in lower-income white neighborhoods but not in middle-income or even upper-income Black neighborhoods.^[10]^[11] Blacklisting was a related mechanism employed by redlining institutions to keep track of areas, groups, and people that the discriminating party intended to exclude. In academic literature, redlining falls under the broader category of credit rationing.^[12] The documented history of redlining in the United States is a manifestation of the historical systemic racism that has had wide-ranging impacts on American society, two examples being educational and housing inequality across racial groups.^[13]^[14] Redlining is also an example of spatial inequality and economic inequality.

^ The HOLC maps are part of the records of the FHLBB (RG195) at the "National Archives". U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.
^ Locke, Dexter H.; Hall, Billy; Grove, J. Morgan; Pickett, Steward T. A.; Ogden, Laura A.; Aoki, Carissa; Boone, Christopher G.; O’Neil-Dunne, Jarlath P. M. (March 25, 2021). "Residential housing segregation and urban tree canopy in 37 US Cities". npj Urban Sustainability. 1 (1): 15. Bibcode:2021npjUS...1...15L. doi:10.1038/s42949-021-00022-0. S2CID 232342980.
^ Perrino, Julia (July 2, 2020). "Redlining and health indicators: Decisions made 80 years ago have health consequences today". National Community Reinvestment Coalition. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
^ Agyeman, Julian (March 9, 2021). "How urban planning and housing policy helped create 'food apartheid' in US cities". The Conversation. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
^ Levine, Hillel; Harmon, Lawrence (1992). The Death of an American Jewish Community: A Tragedy of Good Intentions. New York: Free Press. pp. 6–7, 68–72, 196–197, 276–277. ISBN 978-0-02-913865-6.
^ Rothstein, Richard (2017). The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America. New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation. pp. 64–67. ISBN 978-1-63149-453-6.
^ Hightower, Cameron; Fraser, James C. (March 2020). "The Raced–Space of Gentrification: 'Reverse Blockbusting,' Home Selling, and Neighborhood Remake in North Nashville". City & Community. 19 (1): 223–244. doi:10.1111/cico.12444. S2CID 210384415.
^ "IPR at 40" (PDF). Northwestern IPR. Northwestern University Institute for Policy Research. September 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
^ "Awards: Pulitzer Prizes Awarded to The Atlanta Journal-Constitution". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
^ Dedman, Bill (May 1–4, 1988). "The Color of Money" (PDF). The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 3, 2021.
^ "Investigative Classics: 'The Color of Money,' on Housing Redlining, 1988". RealClearInvestigations. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
^ Gabriel, Stuart A.; Rosenthal, Stuart S. (May 1991). "Credit rationing, race, and the mortgage market". Journal of Urban Economics. 29 (3): 371–379. doi:10.1016/0094-1190(91)90007-T.
^ George, Janel (January 11, 2021). "A Lesson on Critical Race Theory". americanbar.org. American Bar Association. Retrieved November 6, 2021.
^ Martin, Lori; Varner, Kenneth (May 1, 2017). "Race, Residential Segregation, and the Death of Democracy: Education and Myth of Postracialism". Democracy and Education. 25 (1).

[1] The HOLC maps are part of the records of the FHLBB (RG195) at the "National Archives". U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.

[2] Locke, Dexter H.; Hall, Billy; Grove, J. Morgan; Pickett, Steward T. A.; Ogden, Laura A.; Aoki, Carissa; Boone, Christopher G.; O’Neil-Dunne, Jarlath P. M. (March 25, 2021). "Residential housing segregation and urban tree canopy in 37 US Cities". npj Urban Sustainability. 1 (1): 15. Bibcode:2021npjUS...1...15L. doi:10.1038/s42949-021-00022-0. S2CID 232342980.

[3] Perrino, Julia (July 2, 2020). "Redlining and health indicators: Decisions made 80 years ago have health consequences today". National Community Reinvestment Coalition. Retrieved November 9, 2021.

[:4-4] Agyeman, Julian (March 9, 2021). "How urban planning and housing policy helped create 'food apartheid' in US cities". The Conversation. Retrieved November 9, 2021.

[Levine_&_Harmon_pp._6–7-5] Levine, Hillel; Harmon, Lawrence (1992). The Death of an American Jewish Community: A Tragedy of Good Intentions. New York: Free Press. pp. 6–7, 68–72, 196–197, 276–277. ISBN 978-0-02-913865-6.

[Rothstein_pp._64–67-6] Rothstein, Richard (2017). The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America. New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation. pp. 64–67. ISBN 978-1-63149-453-6.

[7] Hightower, Cameron; Fraser, James C. (March 2020). "The Raced–Space of Gentrification: 'Reverse Blockbusting,' Home Selling, and Neighborhood Remake in North Nashville". City & Community. 19 (1): 223–244. doi:10.1111/cico.12444. S2CID 210384415.

[8] "IPR at 40" (PDF). Northwestern IPR. Northwestern University Institute for Policy Research. September 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.

[9] "Awards: Pulitzer Prizes Awarded to The Atlanta Journal-Constitution". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved November 9, 2021.

[10] Dedman, Bill (May 1–4, 1988). "The Color of Money" (PDF). The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 3, 2021.

[11] "Investigative Classics: 'The Color of Money,' on Housing Redlining, 1988". RealClearInvestigations. Retrieved November 9, 2021.

[12] Gabriel, Stuart A.; Rosenthal, Stuart S. (May 1991). "Credit rationing, race, and the mortgage market". Journal of Urban Economics. 29 (3): 371–379. doi:10.1016/0094-1190(91)90007-T.

[13] George, Janel (January 11, 2021). "A Lesson on Critical Race Theory". americanbar.org. American Bar Association. Retrieved November 6, 2021.

[14] Martin, Lori; Varner, Kenneth (May 1, 2017). "Race, Residential Segregation, and the Death of Democracy: Education and Myth of Postracialism". Democracy and Education. 25 (1).

Redlining information

and 23 Related for: Redlining information

Redlining

Redline

Redline Racer

Digital redlining

Redline Communications

Redline Coaches

Technical drawing

Mortgage discrimination

Saturn Ion

Redline pufferfish

Deathline

List of browser games

Redline 25

Redline Time Attack

Milwaukee

Pakistan

Jamaica Plain

Real estate

Honda D engine

Apartheid

Philippines

Antisemitism

United States

Discrimination
Part of a series on

Forms Institutional Structural Statistical Taste-based
Attributes Age Caste Class Dialect Disability Genetic Hair texture Height Language Looks Mental disorder Race / Ethnicity Skin color Scientific racism Rank Sex Sexual orientation Species Size Viewpoint
Social Arophobia Acephobia Adultism Anti-albinism Anti-autism Anti-homelessness Anti-drug addicts Anti-intellectualism Anti-intersex Anti-left handedness Anti-Masonry Antisemitism Aporophobia Audism Biphobia Clannism Cronyism Elitism Ephebiphobia Social determinants of health Social determinants of health in poverty Social determinants of mental health Fatphobia Gayphobia Gerontophobia Heterosexism HIV/AIDS stigma Homophobia Leprosy stigma Lesbophobia Discrimination against men Misandry Misogyny Nepotism Pedophobia Perpetual foreigner Pregnancy Reverse Sectarianism Supremacism Black White Transphobia Non-binary Transmisogyny Vegaphobia Xenophobia
Religious Ahmadiyya Atheism Baháʼí Faith Buddhism Catholicism Christianity post–Cold War era Falun Gong Hinduism Persecution Untouchability Islam Persecution Jehovah's Witnesses Judaism Persecution LDS or Mormon Neopaganism Eastern Orthodox Oriental Orthodox Protestantism Rastafari Shi'ism Sufism Zoroastrianism
Ethnic/national Afghan African Albanian Arab Armenian Asian France South Africa United States Assyrian Azerbaijani Black people African Americans China South Africa Bengali Catalan Chechen Chinese Croat Filipino Finnish French Georgian German Greek Haitian Hazara Hispanic Hungarian Igbo Indian Indigenous people Australia Canada United States Iranian Irish Israeli Italian Japanese Jewish Korean Kurdish Lithuanian Malay Mexican Middle Eastern Mongolian Pakistani Palestinians Pashtun Polish Quebec Romani Romanian Russian Serb Slavic Somali Tatar Thai Turkish Ukrainian Uyghur Venezuelan Vietnamese
Manifestations Anti-LGBT rhetoric Blood libel Bullying Cancel culture Capital punishment for homosexuality Compulsory sterilization Corrective rape Counter-jihad Cultural genocide Defamation Democide Disability hate crime Dog whistle Economic Education Employment Eliminationism Enemy of the people Ethnic cleansing Ethnic conflict Ethnic hatred Ethnic joke Ethnocide Forced conversion Freak show Gay bashing Gendercide Genital modification and mutilation Genocide examples Glass ceiling Hate crime LGBT Hate group Hate speech Homeless dumping Housing Indian rolling Intersectionality Lavender scare LGBT grooming conspiracy theory List of people killed for being transgender Lynching Mortgage Murder music Native American mascots Braves Blackhawks Chiefs Occupational segregation Persecution Pogrom Political repression Purge Racialization Religious persecution Religious terrorism Religious violence Religious war Scapegoating Segregation academy Sexual harassment Sex-selective abortion Slut-shaming Trans bashing Victimisation Violence against women White flight White genocide conspiracy theory Wife selling Witch-hunt
Policies Age of candidacy Blood purity Blood quantum Crime of apartheid Disabilities Catholic Jewish Gender pay gap Gender roles Gerontocracy Gerrymandering Ghetto benches Internment Jewish quota Law for Protection of the Nation MSM blood donation restrictions Nonpersons Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota) One-drop rule Racial quota Racial segregation Jim Crow laws Nuremberg Laws Racial steering Redlining Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) Segregation age racial religious sexual Social exclusion Sodomy law State atheism State religion Ugly law Voter suppression
Countermeasures Affirmative action Anti-discrimination law Cultural assimilation Cultural pluralism Diversity training Empowerment Fat acceptance movement Feminism Fighting Discrimination Hate speech laws by country Human rights Intersex human rights LGBT rights Masculism Multiculturalism Nonviolence Racial integration Reappropriation Self-determination Social integration Toleration
Related topics Allophilia Amatonormativity Bias Christian privilege Cisnormativity Civil liberties Dehumanization Diversity Ethnic penalty Eugenics Figleaf Heteronormativity Internalized oppression Intersectionality Male privilege Masculism Medical model of disability autism Multiculturalism Net bias Neurodiversity Oikophobia Oppression Police brutality Political correctness Polyculturalism Power distance Prejudice Prisoner abuse Racial bias in criminal news in the United States Racism by country Religious intolerance Second-generation gender bias Snobbery Social exclusion Social identity threat Social model of disability Social stigma Speciesism Stereotype threat The talk White privilege
v t e